@article {Papadopoulos2014,
	title = {{Historical and pre-historical tsunamis in the Mediterranean and its connected seas: Geological signatures, generation mechanisms and coastal impacts}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {354},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {81{\textendash}109},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {The origin of tsunamis in the Mediterranean region and its connected seas, including the Marmara Sea, the Black Sea and the SW Iberian Margin in the NE Atlantic Ocean, is reviewed within the geological and seismotectonic settings of the region. A variety of historical documentary sources combined with evidence from onshore and offshore geological signatures, geomorphological imprints, observations from selected coastal archeological sites, as well as instrumental records, eyewitnesses accounts and pictorial material, clearly indicate that tsunami sources both seismic and non-seismic (e.g. volcanism, landslides) can be found in all the seas of the region with a variable tsunamigenic potential. Local, regional and basin-wide tsunamis have been documented. An improved map of 22 main tsunamigenic zones and their relative potential for tsunami generation is presented. From west to east, the most important tsunamigenic zones are situated offshore SW Iberia, in the North Algerian margin, in the Tyrrhenian Calabria and Messina Straits, in the western and eastern segments of the Hellenic Arc, in the Corinth Gulf of Central Greece, in the Levantine Sea offshore the Dead Sea Transform Fault and in the eastern side of the Marmara Sea. Important historical examples, including destructive tsunamis associated with large earthquakes, are presented. The mean recurrence of strong tsunamis in the several basins varies greatly but the highest event frequency (1/96. years) is observed in the east Mediterranean basin. For most of the historical events it is still unclear which was the causative seismic source and if the tsunami was caused by co-seismic slip, by earthquake-triggered submarine landslides or by a combination of both mechanisms. In pre-historical times, submarine volcanic eruptions (i.e. caldera collapse, massive pyroclastic flows, volcanogenic landslides) and large submarine landslides caused important tsunamis although little is known about their source mechanisms. We conclude that further investigation of the tsunami generation mechanisms is of primary importance in the Mediterranean region. Inputs from tsunami numerical modeling as well as from empirical discrimination criteria for characterizing tsunami sources have been proved particularly effective for recent, well-documented, aseismic landslide tsunamis (e.g., 1963 Corinth Gulf, 1979 C{\^O}te d{\textquoteright}Azur, 1999 Izmit Bay, 2002 Stromboli volcano). Since the tsunami generation mechanisms are controlled by a variety of factors, and given that the knowledge of past tsunami activity is the cornerstone for undertaking tsunami risk mitigation action, future interdisciplinary research efforts on past tsunamis are needed. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {Geological signatures, Historical tsunamis, Mediterranean region, Tsunami impact, Tsunami mechanisms},
	issn = {00253227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2014.04.014},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84901663041\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Papadopoulos, Gerassimos A. and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Urgeles, Roger and Sallares, Valenti and De Martini, Paolo Marco and Pantosti, Daniela and Gonz{\'a}lez, Mauricio and Yalciner, Ahmet C. and Mascle, Jean and Sakellariou, Dimitris and Salamon, Amos and Tinti, Stefano and Karastathis, Vassilis and Fokaefs, Anna and Camerlenghi, Angelo and Novikova, Tatyana and Papageorgiou, Antonia}
}
@article {Kluesner2013,
	title = {{High density of structurally controlled, shallow to deep water fluid seep indicators imaged offshore Costa Rica}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {519{\textendash}539},
	abstract = {We used high-resolution mapping to document 161 sites of potential fluid seepage on the shelf and slope regions where no geophysical seep indicators had been reported. Identified potential seabed seepage sites show both high-backscatter anomalies and bathymetric expressions, such as pockmarks, mounds, and ridges. Almost all identified seabed features are associated with bright spots and flat spots beneath, as mapped within the 3-D seismic grid. We obtained EM122 multi-beam data using closely spaced receiver beams and 4-5 times overlapping multi-beam swaths, which greatly improved the sounding density and geologic resolvability of the data. At least one location shows an acoustic plume in the water column on a 3.5 kHz profile, and this plume is located along a fault trace and above surface and subsurface seepage indicators. Fluid indicators are largely associated with folds and faults within the sediment section, and many of the faults continue into and offset the reflective basement. A dense pattern of normal faults is seen on the outer shelf in the multi-beam bathymetry, backscatter, and 3-D seismic data, and the majority of fluid seepage indicators lie along mapped fault traces. Furthermore, linear mounds, ridges, and pockmark chains are found on the upper, middle, and lower slope regions. The arcuate shape of the shelf edge, projection of the Quepos Ridge, and high density of potential seep sites suggest that this area may be a zone of former seamount/ridge subduction. These results demonstrate a much greater potential seep density and distribution than previously reported across the Costa Rican margin. {\textcopyright}2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	keywords = {Costa Rica, fluid flow, fluid seepage, Marine Geology and Geophysics, subduction zones},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20058},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84879641763\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Kluesner, Jared W. and Silver, Eli A. and Bangs, Nathan L. and McIntosh, Kirk D. and Gibson, James and Orange, Daniel and Ranero, Cesar R. and von Huene, Roland}
}
@book {LoIacono2012b,
	title = {{The habitats of the Cap de Creus continental shelf and Cap de Creus Canyon, northwestern Mediterranean}},
	series = {Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat. GeoHab Atlas of seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {457{\textendash}469},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {Continental shelves and submarine canyons represent peculiar environments that are geologically heterogenous on a small spatial scale (form hundreds to tens of meters) and therefore play a central role in increasing the ecosystem biodiversity. The Cap de Creus continental shelf and Cap de Creus canyon are located in the southernmost sector of the Gulf of Lions, in the northwestern Mediterranean. The Cap de Creus continental shelf contains sandy and muddy sediments and an abrupt morphology, with rocky outcrops, relict bioherms, erosive features, and planar bedforms. The Cap de Creus canyon breaches the shelf at a depth of 110 m and denotes a marked difference in the morphology between the northern and the southern flank, reflecting a different depositional regime. The most common substrates correspond to coarse and medium sands (28\%) and silty sediments (40\%). The most common megabenthic assemblages of the shelf correspond to the communities of "offshore detritic" (31.95\%) and "coastal terrigenous muds" (36.99\%), mostly dominated by sea pens, alcyonaceans, and ceriantharians. The northern flank of the Cap de Creus canyon is predominantly depositional, whereas the southern flank is erosional. Rocky outcrops provide the substratum for cold-water coral (CWC) communities{\textquoteright} development, in which the white coral Madrepora oculata is the most abundant species. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Continental shelf, Geomorphology, Habitat mapping, Northwestern Mediterranean, Submarine Canyon, swath bathymetry},
	isbn = {9780123851406},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-385140-6.00032-3},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883461551\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Lo Iacono, Claudio and Orejas, Covadonga and Gori, Andrea and Gili, Josep Maria and Requena, Susana and Puig, Pere and Rib{\'o}, Marta}
}
@inbook {LoIacono2012,
	title = {{The habitats of the Chella Bank. Eastern Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean)}},
	booktitle = {Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat: GeoHAB Atlas of Seafloor Geomorphic Features and Benthic Habitats.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {681{\textendash}690},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {This chapter provides the first characterization of the geomorphic features and benthic habitats of the Chella Bank, a flat-topped volcanic peak situated in the Eastern Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean. The Chella Bank, also named "Seco de los Olivos," occurs along the upper slope of the Almeria Margin, showing a subcircular shape and covering a surface area of 100 km2 within a depth range of 70-700 m. High-resolution swath bathymetric mapping reveals three main large-scale morphological features on Chella Bank: the flat subhorizontal top and two main ridges, located to the west and to the east of the bank-top. Video tracks acquired in the area showed the occurrence of macrobenthic communities such as gorgonian assemblages (Callogorgia verticillata, Viminella flagellum), small patches of living cold-water corals (Madrepora oculata), and sponges (Fakelia ventilabrum). An automatic classification of multibeam data has been tested on the area as a predictive habitat mapping method, using backscatter characteristics (intensity, texture), and depth measurements as surrogate descriptors of the habitats recognized on the Chella Bank. The Chella Bank is one of the study areas of the LIFE-INDEMARES Project, which aims to contribute to the protection and sustainable use of the marine biodiversity in the Spanish seas. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Alboran Sea, Geomorphology, Habitat mapping, Seamounts, swath bathymetry, Western Mediterranean},
	isbn = {9780123851406},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-385140-6.00049-9},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84884425529\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Lo Iacono, Claudio and Gr{\`a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia G. and Bartolom{\'e}, Rafael and Coiras, Enrique and Jose Da{\~n}obeitia, Juan and Acosta, Juan}
}
@conference {Nagel2012a,
	title = {{Hydraulic fracturing optimization for unconventional reservoirs - The critical role of the mechanical properties of the natural fracture network}},
	booktitle = {Society of Petroleum Engineers - SPE Canadian Unconventional Resources Conference 2012, CURC 2012},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {227{\textendash}237},
	abstract = {The success of many shale plays depends on the optimal stimulation of natural fractures, and the characterization of the natural fracture systems is a key issue often leading to the construction of a discrete fracture network (DFN). The DFN chiefly consists of fracture spacing, fracture dip, and dip direction from numerous sources, and, in some cases, is matched to well test data allowing for the determination of hydraulic properties. However, a commonly missing component of natural fracture characterization, and the component most important to evaluating the coupled hydro-mechanical behavior of the fractures during a hydraulic fracture stimulation, is the evaluation of the mechanical behavior of the fractures. The important mechanical parameters of the fractures include: a) elastic properties such as shear and normal stiffness, which relate changes in pore pressure to changes in aperture; b) strength parameters such as cohesion and friction angle, which define when a fracture may shear and open; c) dilational properties, which relate fracture opening to shear slippage; d) fracture toughness, which determines the pressure required to extend a fracture; and e) initial aperture. In this paper, using a new, state-of-the-art, fully-coupled, 3D distinct element hydraulic fracturing simulator, mechanical fracture parameters were evaluated in a parametric study in order to determine their impact on the effectiveness of hydraulic fracture stimulations. Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers.},
	isbn = {9781622764884},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84875645702\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Nagel, Neal B. and Garcia, Xavier and Lee, Byungtark and Sanchez-Nagel, Marisela}
}
@conference {Urgeles2010,
	title = {{History of pore pressure build up and slope instability in mud-dominated sediments of Ursa Basin, Gulf of Mexico continental slope}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences - 4th International Symposium},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {179{\textendash}190},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	abstract = {The Ursa Basin, at \~{}1, 000 m depth on the Gulf of Mexico continental slope, contains numerous Mass Transport Deposits (MTDs) of Pleistocene to Holocene age. IODP Expedition 308 drilled three sites through several of these MTDs and encompassing sediments. Logs, sedimentological and geotechnical data were collected at these sites and are used in this study for input to basin numerical models. The objective of this investigation was to understand how sedimentation history, margin architecture and sediment properties couple to control pore pressure build-up and slope instability at Ursa. Measurements of porosity and stress state indicate that fluid overpressure is similar at the different sites (in the range of 0.5-0.7) despite elevated differences in sedimentation rates. Modeling results indicate that this results from pore pressure being transferred from regions of higher to lower overburden along an underlying more permeable unit: the Blue Unit. Overpressure started to develop at \~{}53 ka, which induced a significant decrease in FoS from 45ka, especially where overburden is lower. {\textcopyright} Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2010.},
	keywords = {Basin modeling, Pore pressure, Scientific drilling, Slope instability, Submarine landslides},
	isbn = {9789048130702},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79961172106\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Urgeles, R. and Locat, J. and Sawyer, D. E. and Flemings, P. B. and Dugan, B. and Binh, N. T T}
}
@article {Gracia2010,
	title = {{Holocene earthquake record offshore Portugal (SW Iberia): testing turbidite paleoseismology in a slow-convergence margin}},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {29},
	number = {9-10},
	year = {2010},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1156{\textendash}1172},
	abstract = {The SW margin of the Iberian Peninsula hosts the present-day boundary between the Eurasian and African Plates. Convergence (4-5 mm/yr) is accommodated through a wide deformation zone characterized by moderate magnitude seismic activity. This zone has also been the source of the most important seismic events in Western Europe, such as the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami and 1969 Horseshoe Earthquake. Despite efforts to identify active seismogenic structures in the Gulf of Cadiz in the last ten years, little is known about its paleoseismic history. The turbidite paleoseismology approach was applied for the first time in a low-rate convergent margin to determine the recurrence interval of large earthquake events that occurred in SW Iberia during the Holocene. Four sediment cores collected at strategically located sites offshore Portugal (i.e. Tagus Abyssal Plain, Infante Don Henrique Basin and Horseshoe Abyssal Plain) reveal that these deep-sea basins preserve a record of episodic deposition of turbidites. In the SW Iberian Margin excluding special climatic events, earthquakes are the most likely triggering mechanism for synchronous, widely-spaced distributed turbidites during the Holocene, when the sea level was relatively stable. Age correlation together with textural, mineralogical, physical properties and geochemical signatures of the new cores complemented by pre-existing multicores and gravity cores reveals a total of 7 widespread turbidite events for the Holocene. Precise dating of the most recent turbidite event (E1) based on 210Pb and 137Cs geochronology provides an age of AD 1971 {\textpm} 3. This age corresponds to a high-magnitude instrumental earthquake in the region: the 1969 Horseshoe Earthquake (Mw 8.0). Calibrated 14C ages of subsequent widespread turbidite events (E3 and E5) correlate with the dates of important historical earthquakes and paleotsunami deposits in the Gulf of Cadiz area, such as AD 1755 and 218 BC, respectively. If older synchronous events (E6, E8, and E10) with ages ranging from 4960-5510 yr BP to 8715-9015 yr BP are also taken into account, a great earthquake recurrence interval of about 1800 years is obtained for the Holocene. Our correlations suggest that the turbidite record may be considered as a proxy for paleoseismic activity in low-convergence rate margins, and a valuable complementary tool in earthquake and tsunami hazard assessment along the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.010},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77950629573\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Vizcaino, Alexis and Escutia, Carlota and Asioli, Alessandra and Rod{\'e}s, {\'A}ngel and Pall{\`a}s, Raimon and Garcia-Orellana, Jordi and Lebreiro, Susana and Goldfinger, Chris}
}
@article {Ercilla2008,
	title = {{High-resolution seismic stratigraphy of the Galicia Bank Region and neighbouring abyssal plains (NW Iberian continental margin)}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {249},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {108{\textendash}127},
	abstract = {The high-resolution seismic stratigraphy of the Galicia Bank Region and adjacent deposits of the neighbouring Iberian and Biscay Abyssal Plains was included as part of the geological studies conducted in the area where the oil-tanker Prestige wreck is located. This seismic stratigraphy is characterized by five seismic units (5 to 1, from oldest to youngest) lying above an irregular acoustic basement defined by a highly fractured system of horsts and grabens. These faulted systems have controlled the local depositional architecture, deforming, fracturing, relocating and distributing sediments since the Valanginian. Three depositional models of facies can be recognized on the Galicia Bank Region and surrounding abyssal plains: bank, escarpment, and abyssal plain facies. The bank facies reflects the depositional evolution from initial filling to obliterating stages of the horsts and grabens. The escarpment facies has a local distribution and represents deposition associated with active slopes of the faulted escarpments. The abyssal plain facies represents gravity flow deposits coming mostly from the bounded-fault flanks of the Galicia Bank Region. The Valanginian to Quaternary sedimentary evolution of the Galicia Bank Region reflects depositional responses to tectonic condition. The occurrence of mass-movements confirms that the syn-rift period (Valanginian to Aptian age) along the Galicia margin was diachronous, beginning in the Interior Basin and shifting later toward the west of the Galicia Bank Region (Deep Galicia Margin). The Albian to Quaternary post-rift evolution is characterized by a decrease in tectonic activity and sedimentary variations in the style of deposition (valley and related features, mass-movement deposits, contourites, and drape deposits) conditioned by changes in the sedimentary processes, paleoenvironments, and tectonic reactivation of the regional slopes. The effects of tectonic movements persist, as evidenced in areas where faulted escarpments and highs outcrop, and in areas of near-surface faulting. The syn-rift and post-rift stages have also conditioned the depositional architecture of the Prestige sinking area. The evolution of the surrounding abyssal plains does not reflect the same pattern to tectonic condition. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {facies architecture, Galicia Bank, high-resolution seismic profiles, sedimentary evolution, seismic facies, stratigraphy},
	issn = {00253227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2007.09.009},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-39649109232\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Ercilla, G. and Garc{\'\i}a-Gil, S. and Estrada, F. and Gr{\`a}cia, E. and Vizcaino, A. and V{\'a}quez, J.T. and D{\'\i}az, S. and Vilas, F. and Casas, D. and Alonso, B. and Da{\~n}obeitia, J. and Farran, M.}
}
@article {Ranero2008,
	title = {{Hydrogeological system of erosional convergent margins and its influence on tectonics and interplate seismogenesis}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {Fluid distribution in convergent margins is by most accounts closely related to tectonics. This association has been widely studied at accretionary prisms, but at half of the Earth{\textquoteright}s convergent margins, tectonic erosion grinds down overriding plates, and here fluid distribution and its relation to tectonics remain speculative. Here we present a new conceptual model for the hydrological system of erosional convergent margins. The model is based largely on new data and recently published observations from along the Middle America Trench offshore Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and it is consistent with observations from other erosional margins. The observations indicate that erosional margins possess previously unrecognized distinct hydrogeological systems: Most fluid contained in the sediment pores and liberated by early dehydration reactions drains from the plate boundary through a fractured upper plate to seep at the seafloor across the slope, rather than migrating along the d{\'e}collement toward the deformation front as described for accretionary prisms. The observations indicate that the relative fluid abundance across the plate-boundary fault zone and fluid migration influence long-term tectonics and the transition from aseismic to seismogenic behavior. The segment of the plate boundary where fluid appears to be more abundant corresponds to the locus of long-term tectonic erosion, where tectonic thinning of the overriding plate causes subsidence and the formation of the continental slope. This correspondence between observations indicates that tectonic erosion is possibly linked to the migration of overpressured fluids into the overriding plate. The presence of overpressured fluids at the plate boundary is compatible with the highest flow rates estimated at slope seeps. The change from aseismic to seismogenic behavior along the plate boundary of the erosional margin begins where the amount of fluid at the fault declines with depth, indicating a control on interplate earthquakes. A previously described similar observation along accreting plate boundaries strongly indicates that fluid abundance exerts a first-order control on interplate seismogenesis at all types of subduction zones. We hypothesize that fluid depletion with depth increases grain-to-grain contact, increasing effective stress on the fault, and modifies fault zone architecture from a thick fault zone to a narrower zone of localized slip. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	keywords = {fluid flow, Seismogenesis, subduction zones, Tectonic erosion},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001679},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67349265252\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Ranero, C. R. and Grevemeyer, I. and Sahling, H. and Barckhausen, U. and Hensen, C. and Wallmann, K. and Weinrebe, W. and Vannucchi, P. and von Huene, R. and McIntosh, K.}
}
