@inbook {Harders2012,
	title = {{An overview of the role of long-term tectonics and incoming plate structure on segmentation of submarine mass wasting phenomena along the Middle America Trench.}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences - 5th International Symposium},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {391{\textendash}402},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {We study mass wasting along the Middle America Trench (MAT), a subduction zone dominated by tectonic erosion, using a comprehensive data set of seafloor relief. We integrate previous studies of long- Term tectonic processes to analyze how they influence the evolution of the slope structure and precondition the continental slope for mass wasting. We have used the distribution of an inventory of 147 slope failure structures along the MAT to discuss their relation to subduction erosion. We interpret that preconditioning of the slope by long- Term tectonics, interacts in a shorter- Term scale with features on the under- Thrusting oceanic plate to modulate the abundance and types of mass wasting phenomena. The complex origin of the incoming oceanic plate has produced abrupt lateral changes in plate age, crustal thickness, relief, and response to bending deformation at the trench, leading to its partitioning into six segments. We found that the continental-slope failure style and abundance are partitioned into six segments that spatially match the ocean plate segments. {\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.},
	keywords = {Convergent margin, Subduction erosion, Submarine landslide},
	isbn = {978-94-007-2161-6},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904112373\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Harders, Rieka and Ranero, Cesar R. and Weinrebe, Wilhelm},
	editor = {Yamada, Yasuhiro and Kawamura, Kiichiro and Ikehara, Ken and Ogawa, Yujiro and Urgeles, Roger and Mosher, David and Chaytor, Jason and Strasser, Michael}
}
@article {Harders2011,
	title = {{Submarine slope failures along the convergent continental margin of the Middle America Trench}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	number = {6},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {We present the first comprehensive study of mass wasting processes in the continental slope of a convergent margin of a subduction zone where tectonic processes are dominated by subduction erosion. We have used multibeam bathymetry along \~{}1300 km of the Middle America Trench of the Central America Subduction Zone and deep-towed side-scan sonar data. We found abundant evidence of large-scale slope failures that were mostly previously unmapped. The features are classified into a variety of slope failure types, creating an inventory of 147 slope failure structures. Their type distribution and abundance define a segmentation of the continental slope in six sectors. The segmentation in slope stability processes does not appear to be related to slope preconditioning due to changes in physical properties of sediment, presence/absence of gas hydrates, or apparent changes in the hydrogeological system. The segmentation appears to be better explained by changes in slope preconditioning due to variations in tectonic processes. The region is an optimal setting to study how tectonic processes related to variations in intensity of subduction erosion and changes in relief of the underthrusting plate affect mass wasting processes of the continental slope. The largest slope failures occur offshore Costa Rica. There, subducting ridges and seamounts produce failures with up to hundreds of meters high headwalls, with detachment planes that penetrate deep into the continental margin, in some cases reaching the plate boundary. Offshore northern Costa Rica a smooth oceanic seafloor underthrusts the least disturbed continental slope. Offshore Nicaragua, the ocean plate is ornamented with smaller seamounts and horst and graben topography of variable intensity. Here mass wasting structures are numerous and comparatively smaller, but when combined, they affect a large part of the margin segment. Farther north, offshore El Salvador and Guatemala the downgoing plate has no large seamounts but well-defined horst and graben topography. Off El Salvador slope failure is least developed and mainly occurs in the uppermost continental slope at canyon walls. Off Guatemala mass wasting is abundant and possibly related to normal faulting across the slope. Collapse in the wake of subducting ocean plate topography is a likely failure trigger of slumps. Rapid oversteepening above subducting relief may trigger translational slides in the middle Nicaraguan upper Costa Rican slope. Earthquake shaking may be a trigger, but we interpret that slope failure rate is lower than recurrence time of large earthquakes in the region. Generally, our analysis indicates that the importance of mass wasting processes in the evolution of margins dominated by subduction erosion and its role in sediment dynamics may have been previously underestimated. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	keywords = {Convergent margin, landslides, slope failure, Subduction erosion, submarine mass wasting, tectonics},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003401},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79959701829\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Harders, Rieka and Ranero, Cesar R. and Weinrebe, Wilhelm and Behrmann, Jan H.}
}
@book {VonHuene2009a,
	title = {{Subduction Zone Geodynamics}},
	series = {Frontiers in Earth Sciences},
	year = {2009},
	month = {oct},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	abstract = {21 pages, 8 figures, 1 table},
	keywords = {Accretion, Convergent margins, Subduction erosion},
	isbn = {978-3-540-87971-8},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-87974-9},
	url = {http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/83778 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/83778},
	author = {von Huene, Roland and Ranero, Cesar R. and Scholl, Dave W.},
	editor = {Lallemand, Serge and Funiciello, Francesca}
}
@article {Sahling2008,
	title = {{Fluid seepage at the continental margin offshore Costa Rica and southern Nicaragua}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	month = {may},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {A systematic search for methane-rich fluid seeps at the seafloor was conducted at the Pacific continental margin offshore southern Nicaragua and northern central Costa Rica, a convergent margin characterized by subduction erosion. More than 100 fluid seeps were discovered using a combination of multibeam bathymetry, side-scan sonar imagery, TV-sled observations, and sampling. This corresponds, on average, to a seep site every 4 km along the continental slope. In the northwestern part of the study area, subduction of oceanic crust formed at the East Pacific Rise is characterized by pervasive bending-induced faulting of the oceanic plate and a relatively uniform morphology of the overriding continental margin. Seepage at this part of the margin typically occurs at approximately cone-shaped mounds 50 - 100 m high and up to 1 km wide at the base. Over 60 such mounds were identified on the 240 km long margin segment. Some normal faults also host localized seepage. In contrast, in the southeast, the 220 km long margin segment overriding the oceanic crust formed at the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Centre has a comparatively more irregular morphology caused mainly by the subduction of ridges and seamounts sitting on the oceanic plate. Over 40 seeps were located on this part of the margin. This margin segment with irregular morphology exhibits diverse seep structures. Seeps are related to landslide scars, seamountsubduction related fractures, mounds, and faults. Several backscatter anomalies in side-scan images are without apparent relief and are probably related to carbonate precipitation. Detected fluid seeps are not evenly distributed across the margin but occur in a roughly margin parallel band centered 28 {\textpm} 7 km landward of the trench. This distribution suggests that seeps are possibly fed to fluids rising from the plate boundary along deep-penetrating faults through the upper plate. Copyrignt 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	keywords = {Authigenic carbonate, Chemosynthetic community, Subduction erosion},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC001978},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70350099584\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Sahling, Heiko and Masson, Douglas G. and Ranero, Cesar R. and H{\"u}hnerbach, Veit and Weinrebe, Wilhelm and Klaucke, Ingo and B{\"u}rk, Dietmar and Br{\"u}ckmann, Warner and Suess, Erwin}
}
