@article {Garcia2010,
	title = {{In vitro characterization and in vivo analgesic and anti-allodynic activity of PLGA-bupivacaine nanoparticles}},
	journal = {Journal of Nanoparticle Research},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {2213{\textendash}2223},
	abstract = {An injectable controlled release system containing local anesthetics able to provide longlasting analgesia in nociceptive and neuropathic pain could have a marked impact in pain management. In order to address this issue, bupivacaine, a widely used local anesthetic, has been nanoencapsulated using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) from an oil-in-water emulsion by the solvent evaporation technique. Nanoparticles were evaluated in vitro studying their drug release mechanism by fitting different model equations, and in vivo by testing its analgesic and anti-allodynic activity in front of heat-induced nociceptive pain and sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury in rats, respectively. The particle size of the PLGA nanoparticles obtained was of 453 {\textpm} 29 nm, the encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, and burst effect at 30 min were 82.10 {\textpm} 0.001, 45.06 {\textpm} 0.001, and 4.6 {\textpm} 0.6\%, respectively. A prolonged release of the drug in comparison to bupivacaine solution was seen. The mean dissolution time (MDT) obtained for nanoparticles was relatively long (9.44 {\textpm} 0.56 h) proving the sustained release process, while the dissolution efficiency (DE) (84.10 {\textpm} 1.01\%) was similar to the maximum percentage of drug released. Korsmeyer- Peppas was the best model that fitted our release data.A non-Fickian mechanism was concluded to be involved in the release of bupivacaine from the nanoparticles, taking into account the value of the diffusional exponent obtained (n = 0.95). After local infiltration in the rat, the antinociceptive and anti-allodynic activity of the nanoencapsulated bupivacaine was longer lasting than that of bupivacaine solution. An increase in the values of the area under the curve (AUC) of the antinociceptive and anti-allodynic effect versus time of 67 and 36\%, respectively, was observed when the drug was encapsulated. {\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010.},
	keywords = {Antiallodynia, Antinociception, Bupivacaine, In vitro release, Korsmeyer-peppas, Modeling and simulation, Nanomedicine, Plga nanoparticles},
	issn = {1388-0764},
	doi = {10.1007/s11051-010-9979-1},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79956290523\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Garcia, Xavier and Escribano, Elvira and Domenech, Josep and Queralt, Josep and Freixes, Joan}
}
