@article {Garcia2014a,
	title = {{Constraints on a shallow offshore gas environment determined by a multidisciplinary geophysical approach: The Malin Sea, NW Ireland}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {15},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {867{\textendash}885},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1002/2013GC005108},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2013GC005108},
	author = {Garcia, Xavier and Monteys, Xavier and Evans, Rob L. and Szpak, Michal}
}
@article {Santos2011,
	title = {{Compression and shear-wave velocities in discrete particle simulations of quartz granular packings: Improved Hertz-Mindlin contact model}},
	journal = {GEOPHYSICS},
	volume = {76},
	number = {5},
	year = {2011},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {E165{\textendash}E174},
	abstract = {The Hertz-Mindlin (HM) contact model has been a cornerstone for the development of several effective medium theories (EMTs) aimed at describing the mesoscopic and macroscopic mechanical behavior of granular materials like unconsolidated sands. In addition, this model is at the core of most of the discrete particle method designs used to numerically solve for the responses of these heterogeneous materials to external perturbations, like acoustic and stress-strain experiments. However, this model has shown shortcomings in the description of the shear response characterization of granular materials, partly due to the non-affine motions experienced by the grains. We have developed a correction of the model based on a detailed calibration of our acoustic numerical results with previous empirical data. Using a microscopic approach to the grain-grain contact surfaces, the nature of the corrections found appear to be related to the shear resistant asperities and the smaller scale of the grain-grain contact areas compared to the total area assumed by the HM model. An improved HM model characterized by a tangential stiffness weakening is based on these surface corrections. Using this observation an enhanced EMT theory emerges based not only on the tangential stiffness modification but also on the velocity-pressure dependence obtained during the calibration of our numerical model. {\textcopyright} 2011 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.},
	keywords = {3D, Compression wave (P-wave), Rock physics, Shear-wave (S-wave), Wave propagation},
	issn = {0016-8033},
	doi = {10.1190/geo2010-0376.1},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84857461284\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Santos, Carlos and Urdaneta, Vanessa and Garcia, Xavier and Medina, Ernesto}
}
@article {Latham2009,
	title = {{Coupled FEMDEM/Fluids for coastal engineers with special reference to armour stability and breakage}},
	journal = {Geomechanics and Geoengineering},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {39{\textendash}53},
	abstract = {Sea-level rise and increased storminess present huge challenges to coastal engineers worldwide. The seaward slope of many breakwaters and shoreline defence structures consists of thousands of interlocking units of concrete or rock making up a massive granular defence against wave attack. The units are placed freely to form an armour layer which is intended to both dissipate wave energy and remain structurally stable. Design guidance on the mass and shape of these units is based on empirical equations derived from Froude scale physical model tests. The two main failure modes for concrete armour layers are displacement (hydraulic instability) and breakage (structural instability) which are strongly coupled. Breakage mechanisms cannot all be faithfully reproduced under scaled physical models. Fundamental understanding of the forces governing such wave-structure interaction remains poor and unit breakages continue to baffle the designers of concrete armour units. This paper illustrates a range of DEM and FEMDEM methods being developed to model the granular solid skeleton of freely packed brittle units. Such discrete element methods are increasingly being used by engineers for solids modelling. They are especially powerful when coupled with a CFD model which can resolve ocean wave dynamics. The aim is to describe a framework for coupled modelling technologies applicable to coastal engineering problems. Preliminary simulation test cases, still at proof of concept stage, but based on a wealth of validation studies are presented. Thus, we report a snap-shot of progress towards a future where designers combine multi-physics numerical technology with knowledge from scalled physical models for a better understanding of wave energy turbulence, block movement, and internal stresses within armour units.},
	keywords = {Breakwaters, Concrete armour units, Discrete element method, Finite element method, Fluid coupling, Ware-structure interaction},
	issn = {1748-6025},
	doi = {10.1080/17486020902767362},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-68149172944\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Latham, John-Paul and Mindel, Julian and Xiang, Jiansheng and Guises, Romain and Garcia, Xavier and Pain, Chris and Gorman, Gerard and Piggott, Matthew and Munjiza, Antonio}
}
