@article {Munjiza2010,
	title = {{The Virtual Geoscience Workbench, VGW: Open Source tools for discontinuous systems}},
	journal = {Particuology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {100{\textendash}105},
	abstract = {In 1989 work began on merging finite and discrete elements. During 1990 algorithmic solutions for the new combined method were developed, together with a C-based implementation known as the Y code. In 2004 these developments and implementations were published as a textbook. Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) and Imperial College are currently engaged in a research project to make Y codes in both 2D and 3D available in Open Source format and with mainly geoscience problems in mind. The result is a set of Open Source tools for Geoscience (VGW), key components of which are summarised in this paper, together with illustrative range of simulation results. {\textcopyright} 2009 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences.},
	keywords = {Combined finite-discrete element, Geoscience, Modelling, Workbench},
	issn = {16742001},
	doi = {10.1016/j.partic.2009.04.008},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77949485463\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Munjiza, A. and XIANG, J. and Garcia, X. and Latham, J.P. and D{\textquoteright}Albano, G.G. Schiava and John, N.W.M.}
}
@article {GARCIA2009,
	title = {{A clustered overlapping sphere algorithm to represent real particles in discrete element modelling}},
	journal = {G{\'e}otechnique},
	volume = {59},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {779{\textendash}784},
	abstract = {An algorithm is presented for representing irregular particles as clusters of overlapping spheres, for use within discrete element method (DEM) simulations of particulates. The algorithm is sufficiently fast to be implemented on desktop computers. Although volume and moment of inertia comparisons of resulting clusters with prototypical geometric data show that in the region of 50 to 100 spheres may be needed to represent a particle, actual DEM simulations of an unstable pile of simulated particles show that only 10 or so spheres may be sufficient to capture the mechanics of the system.},
	keywords = {Numerical modelling},
	issn = {0016-8505},
	doi = {10.1680/geot.8.T.037},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77949702642\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Garcia, X. and XIANG, J. and LATHAM, J.-P. and HARRISON, J.P.}
}
