@article {Grevemeyer2015,
	title = {{Seismicity and active tectonics in the Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean: Constraints from an offshore-onshore seismological network and swath bathymetry data}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {Seismicity and tectonic structure of the Alboran Sea were derived from a large amphibious seismological network deployed in the offshore basins and onshore in Spain and Morocco, an area where the convergence between the African and Eurasian plates causes distributed deformation. Crustal structure derived from local earthquake data suggests that the Alboran Sea is underlain by thinned continental crust with a mean thickness of about 20km. During the 5months of offshore network operation, a total of 229 local earthquakes were located within the Alboran Sea and neighboring areas. Earthquakes were generally crustal events, and in the offshore domain, most of them occurred at crustal levels of 2 to 15km depth. Earthquakes in the Alboran Sea are poorly related to large-scale tectonic features and form a 20 to 40km wide NNE-SSW trending belt of seismicity between Adra (Spain) and Al Hoceima (Morocco), supporting the case for a major left-lateral shear zone across the Alboran Sea. Such a shear zone is in accord with high-resolution bathymetric data and seismic reflection imaging, indicating a number of small active fault zones, some of which offset the seafloor, rather than supporting a well-defined discrete plate boundary fault. Moreover, a number of large faults known to be active as evidenced from bathymetry, seismic reflection, and paleoseismic data such as the Yusuf and Carboneras faults were seismically inactive. Earthquakes below the Western Alboran Basin occurred at 70 to 110km depth and hence reflected intermediate depth seismicity related to subducted lithosphere. {\textcopyright} 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	doi = {10.1002/2015JB012073},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84949685458\&partnerID=40\&md5=f8fcd419da7cfea696b0fd9d4be46078},
	author = {Grevemeyer, I.a and Gr{\`a}cia, E.b and Villase{\~n}or, A.c and Leuchters, W.a and Watts, A.B.d}
}
@article {Hensen01042015,
	title = {{Strike-slip faults mediate the rise of crustal-derived fluids and mud volcanism in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {43},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {339{\textendash}342},
	abstract = {We report on newly discovered mud volcanoes located at \~{}4500 m water depth \~{}90 km west of the deformation front of the accretionary wedge of the Gulf of Cadiz, and thus outside of their typical geotectonic environment. Seismic data suggest that fluid flow is mediated by a >400-km-long strike-slip fault marking the transcurrent plate boundary between Africa and Eurasia. Geochemical data (Cl, B, Sr, 87Sr/86Sr, $δ$18O, $δ$D) reveal that fluids originate in oceanic crust older than 140 Ma. On their rise to the surface, these fluids receive strong geochemical signals from recrystallization of Upper Jurassic carbonates and clay-mineral dehydration in younger terrigeneous units. At present, reports of mud volcanoes in similar deep-sea settings are rare, but given that the large area of transform-type plate boundaries has been barely investigated, such pathways of fluid discharge may provide an important, yet unappreciated link between the deeply buried oceanic crust and the deep ocean.},
	doi = {10.1130/G36359.1},
	url = {http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/43/4/339.abstract},
	author = {Hensen, Christian and Scholz, Florian and Nuzzo, Marianne and Valadares, Vasco and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Terrinha, Pedro and Liebetrau, Volker and Kaul, Norbert and Silva, Sonia and Mart{\'\i}nez-Loriente, Sara and Bartolom{\'e}, Rafael and Pi{\~n}ero, Elena and Magalh{\~a}es, Vitor H and Schmidt, Mark and Weise, Stephan M and Cunha, Marina and Hilario, Ana and Perea, Hector and Rovelli, Lorenzo and Lackschewitz, Klas}
}
@booklet {Harders2014,
	title = {{Characterization of Submarine Landslide Complexes Offshore Costa Rica: An Evolutionary Model Related to Seamount Subduction}},
	year = {2014},
	month = {dec},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	abstract = {Offshore Costa Rica large seamounts under-thrust the continental convergent margin causing slides of complex morphology. The large dimension of the structures has attracted previous investigations and their basic characteristics are known. However, no detailed mapping of their complex morphology has been reported. Here we present a detailed mapping of the failure-related structures and deposits. We use deep-towed sidescan sonar data, aided by multibeam bathymetry to analyze their geometry, geomorphologic character, backscatter intensity, and spatial distribution. Those observations are used to analyze the relationship between landslide characteristics and abundance, to the changes in the style of deformation caused by the subduction of seamounts to progressively greater depth under the margin.},
	isbn = {10.1007/978-3-319-00972-8\_34},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-00972-8\_34 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00972-8\_34>.},
	url = {http://oceanrep.geomar.de/22515/},
	author = {Harders, Rieka and Weinrebe, Wilhelm and Ranero, Cesar R.}
}
@article {Gutscher2012,
	title = {{The Gibraltar subduction: A decade of new geophysical data}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {574-575},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {72{\textendash}91},
	abstract = {The Gibraltar arc, spans a complex portion of the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary marked by slow oblique convergence and intermediate and deep focus seismicity. The seemingly contradictory observations of a young extensional marine basin surrounded by an arcuate fold-and-thrust belt, have led to competing geodynamic models (delamination and subduction). Geophysical data acquired in the past decade provide a test for these models and support a narrow east-dipping, subduction zone. Seismic refraction studies indicate oceanic crust below the western Gulf of Cadiz. Tomography of the upper mantle reveals a steep, east-dipping high P-wave velocity body, beneath Gibraltar. The anisotropic mantle fabric from SKS splitting shows arc-parallel "fast directions", consistent with toroidal flow around a narrow, westward retreating subducting slab. The accompanying WSW advance of the Rif-Betic mountain belt has constructed a thick pile of deformed sediments, an accretionary wedge, characterized by west-vergent thrust anticlines. Bathymetric swath-mapping images an asymmetric embayment at the deformation front where a 2. km high basement ridge has collided. Subduction has slowed significantly since 5. Ma, but deformation of recent sediments and abundant mud volcanoes suggest ongoing activity in the accretionary wedge. Three possible origins for this deformation are discussed; gravitational spreading, overall NW-SE convergence between Africa and Iberia and finally a WSW tectonic push from slow, but ongoing roll-back subduction. In the absence of arc volcanism and shallow dipping thrust type earthquakes, evidence in favor of present-day subduction can only be indirect and remains the object of debate. Continued activity of the subduction offers a possible explanation for great (M. >. 8.5) earthquakes known to affect the area, like the famous 1755 Great Lisbon earthquake. Recent GPS studies show SW motion of stations in N Morocco at velocities of 3-6. mm/yr indicating the presence of an independent block, a "Rif-Betic-Alboran" microplate, situated between Iberia and Africa. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {Accretionary wedge, Active deformation, earthquakes, Iberia, Roll-back subduction, Tethys oceanic lithosphere},
	issn = {00401951},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tecto.2012.08.038},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84867273669\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Gutscher, M.-A. and Dominguez, S. and Westbrook, G.K. and Le Roy, P. and Rosas, F. and Duarte, J.C. and Terrinha, P. and Miranda, J.M. and Graindorge, D. and Gailler, A. and Sallar{\`e}s, V. and Bartolome, R.}
}
@article {LoIacono2012a,
	title = {{Large, deepwater slope failures: Implications for landslide-generated tsunamis}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {10},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {931{\textendash}934},
	abstract = {Deepwater landslides are often underestimated as potential tsunami triggers. The North Gorringe avalanche (NGA) is a large (\~{}80 km3 and 35 km runout) newly discovered and deepwater (2900 m to 5100 m depth) mass failure located at the northern fl ank of Gorringe Bank on the southwest Iberian margin. Steep slopes and pervasive fracturing are suggested as the main preconditioning factors for the NGA, while an earthquake is the most likely trigger mechanism. Near-fi eld tsunami simulations show that a mass failure similar to the NGA could generate a wave >15 m high that would hit the south Portuguese coasts in \~{}30 min. This suggests that deepwater landslides require more attention in geo-hazard assessment models of southern Europe, as well as, at a global scale, in seismically active margins. {\textcopyright} 2012 Geological Society of America.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G33446.1},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84868693659\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Lo Iacono, C. and Gr{\`a}cia, E. and Zaniboni, F. and Pagnoni, G. and Tinti, S. and Bartolome, R. and Masson, D. G. and Wynn, R. B. and Lourenco, N. and Pinto de Abreu, M. and Danobeitia, J. J. and Zitellini, N.}
}
@inbook {Harders2012,
	title = {{An overview of the role of long-term tectonics and incoming plate structure on segmentation of submarine mass wasting phenomena along the Middle America Trench.}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences - 5th International Symposium},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {391{\textendash}402},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {We study mass wasting along the Middle America Trench (MAT), a subduction zone dominated by tectonic erosion, using a comprehensive data set of seafloor relief. We integrate previous studies of long- Term tectonic processes to analyze how they influence the evolution of the slope structure and precondition the continental slope for mass wasting. We have used the distribution of an inventory of 147 slope failure structures along the MAT to discuss their relation to subduction erosion. We interpret that preconditioning of the slope by long- Term tectonics, interacts in a shorter- Term scale with features on the under- Thrusting oceanic plate to modulate the abundance and types of mass wasting phenomena. The complex origin of the incoming oceanic plate has produced abrupt lateral changes in plate age, crustal thickness, relief, and response to bending deformation at the trench, leading to its partitioning into six segments. We found that the continental-slope failure style and abundance are partitioned into six segments that spatially match the ocean plate segments. {\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.},
	keywords = {Convergent margin, Subduction erosion, Submarine landslide},
	isbn = {978-94-007-2161-6},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904112373\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Harders, Rieka and Ranero, Cesar R. and Weinrebe, Wilhelm},
	editor = {Yamada, Yasuhiro and Kawamura, Kiichiro and Ikehara, Ken and Ogawa, Yujiro and Urgeles, Roger and Mosher, David and Chaytor, Jason and Strasser, Michael}
}
@article {Geersen2011,
	title = {{Active tectonics of the South Chilean marine fore arc (35{\textdegree}S-40{\textdegree}S)}},
	journal = {Tectonics},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {The South Chilean marine fore arc (35{\textdegree}S-40{\textdegree}S) is separated into four tectonic segments, Concepci{\'o}n North, Concepci{\'o}n South, Nahuelbuta, and Tolten (from north to south). These are each characterized by their individual tectonic geomorphology and reflect different ways of mechanical and kinematic interaction of the convergent Nazca and South American plates. Splay faults that cut through continental framework rock are seismically imaged in both Concepci{\'o}n segments and the Tolten Segment. Additionally, the Concepci{\'o}n South Segment exhibits prominent upper plate normal faults. Normal faults apparently relate to uplift caused by sediment underthrusting at depth. This has led to oversteepening and gravitational collapse of the marine fore arc. There is also evidence for sediment underthrusting and basal accretion to the overriding plate in the Tolten Segment. There, uplift of the continental slope has created a landward inclined seafloor over a latitudinal distance of 50 km. In the Nahuelbuta Segment transpressive upper plate faults, aligned oblique to the direction of plate motion, control the seafloor morphology. Based on a unique acoustic data set including >90\% of bathymetric coverage of the continental slope we are able to reveal an along-strike heterogeneity of a complexly deformed marine fore arc which had escaped attention in previous studies that only considered the structure along transects normal to the plate margin. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	issn = {02787407},
	doi = {10.1029/2010TC002777},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79958808106\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Geersen, Jacob and Behrmann, Jan H. and V{\"o}lker, David and Krastel, Sebastian and Ranero, Cesar R. and Diaz-Naveas, Juan and Weinrebe, Wilhelm}
}
@article {Evans2011,
	title = {{Electrical lithosphere beneath the Kaapvaal craton, southern Africa}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {116},
	number = {B4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {B04105},
	abstract = {A regional-scale magnetotelluric (MT) experiment across the southern African Kaapvaal craton and surrounding terranes, called the Southern African Magnetotelluric Experiment (SAMTEX), has revealed complex structure in the lithospheric mantle. Large variations in maximum resistivity at depths to 200-250 km relate directly to age and tectonic provenance of surface structures. Within the central portions of the Kaapvaal craton are regions of resistive lithosphere about 230 km thick, in agreement with estimates from xenolith thermobarometry and seismic surface wave tomography, but thinner than inferred from seismic body wave tomography. The MT data are unable to discriminate between a completely dry or slightly "damp" (a few hundred parts per million of water) structure within the transitional region at the base of the lithosphere. However, the structure of the uppermost \~{}150 km of lithosphere is consistent with enhanced, but still low, conductivities reported for hydrous olivine and orthopyroxene at levels of water reported for Kaapvaal xenoliths. The electrical lithosphere around the Kimberley and Premier diamond mines is thinner than the maximum craton thickness found between Kimberley and Johannesburg/Pretoria. The mantle beneath the Bushveld Complex is highly conducting at depths around 60 km. Possible explanations for these high conductivities include graphite or sulphide and/or iron metals associated with the Bushveld magmatic event. We suggest that one of these conductive phases (most likely melt-related sulphides) could electrically connect iron-rich garnets in a garnet-rich eclogitic composition associated with a relict subduction slab. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JB007883},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79955426798\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Evans, Rob L. and Jones, Alan G. and Garcia, Xavier and Muller, Mark and Hamilton, Mark and Evans, Shane and Fourie, C. J. S. and Spratt, Jessica and Webb, Susan and Jelsma, Hielke and Hutchins, Dave}
}
@article {Harders2011,
	title = {{Submarine slope failures along the convergent continental margin of the Middle America Trench}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	number = {6},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {We present the first comprehensive study of mass wasting processes in the continental slope of a convergent margin of a subduction zone where tectonic processes are dominated by subduction erosion. We have used multibeam bathymetry along \~{}1300 km of the Middle America Trench of the Central America Subduction Zone and deep-towed side-scan sonar data. We found abundant evidence of large-scale slope failures that were mostly previously unmapped. The features are classified into a variety of slope failure types, creating an inventory of 147 slope failure structures. Their type distribution and abundance define a segmentation of the continental slope in six sectors. The segmentation in slope stability processes does not appear to be related to slope preconditioning due to changes in physical properties of sediment, presence/absence of gas hydrates, or apparent changes in the hydrogeological system. The segmentation appears to be better explained by changes in slope preconditioning due to variations in tectonic processes. The region is an optimal setting to study how tectonic processes related to variations in intensity of subduction erosion and changes in relief of the underthrusting plate affect mass wasting processes of the continental slope. The largest slope failures occur offshore Costa Rica. There, subducting ridges and seamounts produce failures with up to hundreds of meters high headwalls, with detachment planes that penetrate deep into the continental margin, in some cases reaching the plate boundary. Offshore northern Costa Rica a smooth oceanic seafloor underthrusts the least disturbed continental slope. Offshore Nicaragua, the ocean plate is ornamented with smaller seamounts and horst and graben topography of variable intensity. Here mass wasting structures are numerous and comparatively smaller, but when combined, they affect a large part of the margin segment. Farther north, offshore El Salvador and Guatemala the downgoing plate has no large seamounts but well-defined horst and graben topography. Off El Salvador slope failure is least developed and mainly occurs in the uppermost continental slope at canyon walls. Off Guatemala mass wasting is abundant and possibly related to normal faulting across the slope. Collapse in the wake of subducting ocean plate topography is a likely failure trigger of slumps. Rapid oversteepening above subducting relief may trigger translational slides in the middle Nicaraguan upper Costa Rican slope. Earthquake shaking may be a trigger, but we interpret that slope failure rate is lower than recurrence time of large earthquakes in the region. Generally, our analysis indicates that the importance of mass wasting processes in the evolution of margins dominated by subduction erosion and its role in sediment dynamics may have been previously underestimated. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	keywords = {Convergent margin, landslides, slope failure, Subduction erosion, submarine mass wasting, tectonics},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003401},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79959701829\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Harders, Rieka and Ranero, Cesar R. and Weinrebe, Wilhelm and Behrmann, Jan H.}
}
@article {Nemser,
	title = {{Compilation of parameterized seismogenic sources in Iberia for the SHARE European-scale seismic source model.}},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {201{\textendash}204},
	keywords = {Database, Fault, Seismogenic, SHARE},
	isbn = {978-84-693-6088-0},
	url = {https://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/handle/10174/6247},
	author = {Nemser, E.S. and Garc{\'\i}a-Mayordomo, J. and Cabral, J. and Fonseca, J. and Mart{\'\i}nez-D{\'\i}az, J.J. and Alfaro Garc{\'\i}a, P. and {\`A}lvarez G{\'o}mez, J.A. and Atakan, K. and Aza{\~n}{\'o}n Hern{\'a}ndez, J.M. and Basili, R. and Besana-Ostman, G.M. and Bezzeghoud, M. and Borges, J.F. and Brum da Silveira, A. and Carlos Lopes, F. and Carvalho, J. and Dias, R.P. and Figueiredo, P.M. and Garc{\'\i}a Fern{\'a}ndez, M. and Giner Robles, J. and Gonzalez, A. and Gr{\`a}cia, E. and Gutierrez, F. and Insua Ar{\'e}valo, J.M. and Jim{\'e}nez, M.J. and Jim{\'e}nez-D{\'\i}az, A. and Lafuente Tom{\'a}s, P. and Lucha, P. and Madeira, J. and Martin Gonz{\'a}lez, F. and Masana, E. and Matias, L. and Moreno, X. and Ortu{\~n}o, M. and Perea, H. and P{\'e}rez L{\'o}pez, R. and Rodr{\'\i}guez Pascua, M.A. and Ruano, P. and Santanach, P. and Sanz de Galdeano, C. and Silva Barroso, P. and Silva, S. and Sim{\'o}n, J.L. and Terrinha, P. and Vilanova, S. and Villamor, P. and Wong, J.}
}
@article {Jones2009,
	title = {{Area selection for diamonds using magnetotellurics: Examples from southern Africa}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2009},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {83{\textendash}92},
	abstract = {Southern Africa, particularly the Kaapvaal Craton, is one of the world{\textquoteright}s best natural laboratories for studying the lithospheric mantle given the wealth of xenolith and seismic data that exist for it. The Southern African Magnetotelluric Experiment (SAMTEX) was launched to complement these databases and provide further constraints on physical parameters and conditions by obtaining information about electrical conductivity variations laterally and with depth. Initially it was planned to acquire magnetotelluric data on profiles spatially coincident with the Kaapvaal Seismic Experiment, however with the addition of seven more partners to the original four through the course of the experiment, SAMTEX was enlarged from two to four phases of acquisition, and extended to cover much of Botswana and Namibia. The complete SAMTEX dataset now comprises MT data from over 730 distinct locations in an area of over one million square kilometres, making SAMTEX the largest regional-scale MT experiment conducted to date. Preliminary images of electrical resistivity and electrical resistivity anisotropy at 100 km and 200 km, constructed through approximate one-dimensional methods, map resistive regions spatially correlated with the Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe and Angola Cratons, and more conductive regions spatially associated with the neighbouring mobile belts and the Rehoboth Terrane. Known diamondiferous kimberlites occur primarily on the boundaries between the resistive or isotropic regions and conductive or anisotropic regions. Comparisons between the resistivity image maps and seismic velocities from models constructed through surface wave and body wave tomography show spatial correlations between high velocity regions that are resistive, and low velocity regions that are conductive. In particular, the electrical resistivity of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle of the Kaapvaal Craton is determined by its bulk parameters, so is controlled by a bulk matrix property, namely temperature, and to a lesser degree by iron content and composition, and is not controlled by contributions from interconnected conducting minor phases, such as graphite, sulphides, iron oxides, hydrous minerals, etc. This makes quantitative correlations between velocity and resistivity valid, and a robust regression between the two gives an approximate relationship of Vs [m/s] = 0.045 * log(resistivity [ohm m]) + 4.5. {\textcopyright} 2009.},
	keywords = {Cratonic lithosphere, Diamond exploration, Electrical conductivity, Kaapvaal Craton, Sub-continental lithospheric mantle, Zimbabwe Craton},
	issn = {00244937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2009.06.011},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-72149117671\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Jones, Alan G. and Evans, Rob L. and Muller, Mark R. and Hamilton, Mark P. and Miensopust, Marion P. and Garcia, Xavier and Cole, Patrick and Ngwisanyi, Tiyapo and Hutchins, David and Fourie, C.J.S. and Jelsma, Hielke and Evans, Shane and Aravanis, Theo and Pettit, Wayne and Webb, Sue and Wasborg, Jan}
}
@article {Petersen2009,
	title = {{Fluid seepage and mound formation offshore Costa Rica revealed by deep-towed sidescan sonar and sub-bottom profiler data}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {266},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {172{\textendash}181},
	abstract = {Our analysis of geoacoustic data from the Middle American margin provides an insight into the formation and evolution mechanisms of mound structures observed on the continental slope offshore Costa Rica. Based on high-resolution deep-towed sidescan sonar and sub-bottom profiler (SBP) data six different mound and fluid seepage structures at the Hongo mound field are characterized in detail. The Hongo mound field is located on the lower continental slope offshore Nicoya peninsula in the prolongation of the subducting Nicoya fracture zone. The mounds have oval to circular shapes with diameters of 500-1600 m and relief heights of 60-100 m. High backscatter anomalies near the mound summits indicate carbonate precipitation and focused fluid seepage activity within the last 10 ka. The data do not show evidence for mud extrusions and the structures were probably formed by a combination of carbonate precipitation and mud diapirism. Based on seismic stratigraphy analysis, mud diapirism is at least active since 42.5-57 ka and average vertical growth rates vary between 6-24 cm/ka. However, if diapirism represents the dominant mound evolution mechanism, mound heights of 80 m point to much older mound ages of 330-1330 ka. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {carbonate, deep-towed side-scan sonar, fluid seepage, mound, mud diapir, sub-bottom profiler},
	issn = {00253227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.08.004},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-72049084256\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Petersen, Carl J{\"o}rg and Klaucke, Ingo and Weinrebe, Wilhelm and Ranero, Cesar R.}
}
@article {Muller2009,
	title = {{Lithospheric structure, evolution and diamond prospectivity of the Rehoboth Terrane and western Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa: Constraints from broadband magnetotellurics}},
	journal = {Lithos},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2009},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {93{\textendash}105},
	abstract = {A 1400~km-long, 2-D magnetotelluric (MT) profile, consisting of 69 sites at 20~km intervals, across the western part of the Archaean Kaapvaal Craton, the Proterozoic Rehoboth Terrane and the Late Proterozoic/Early Phanerozoic Ghanzi-Chobe/Damara Belt reveals significant lateral heterogeneity in the electrical resistivity structure of the southern African lithosphere. The lithospheric structures of the Rehoboth Terrane and Ghanzi-Chobe/Damara Belt have not been imaged previously by geophysical methods. Temperature is the primary control on the resistivity of mantle minerals, and the MT derived lithospheric thicknesses therefore provide a very reasonable proxy for the "thermal" thickness of the lithosphere (i.e., the thickness defined by the intersection of a conductive geotherm with the mantle adiabat), allowing approximate present-day geotherms to be calculated. The work indicates the following present-day average lithospheric thicknesses, to a precision of about {\textpm} 20~km, for each of the terranes traversed (inferred geotherms in brackets): Eastern Kimberley Block of the Kaapvaal Craton 220~km (41~mW m- 2), Western Kimberley Block 190~km (44~mW m- 2), Rehoboth Terrane 180~km (45~mW m- 2) and Ghanzi-Chobe/Damara Belt 160~km (48~mW m- 2). A clear relationship between the electrical resistivity structure of the lithosphere and the tectonic stabilisation-age of the terrane is evident. Good agreement between the inferred present-day lithospheric geotherms and surface heat flow measurements indicate the latter are strongly controlled by variations in lithospheric thickness. A significant difference in lithospheric thickness is observed between the Eastern and Western Kimberley blocks, and is consistent with previous seismic tomography images of the Kaapvaal Craton. The present-day lithospheric thickness, and reduced depth extent into the diamond stability field, accounts for the absence of diamondiferous kimberlites in the Gibeon and Gordonia kimberlite fields in the Rehoboth Terrane. Previously published mantle xenolith P-T arrays from the Gibeon, Gordonia and Kimberley fields, however, suggest that the Rehoboth Terrane had equilibrated to a cooler conductive palaeo-geotherm (40-42~mW m- 2 ), very similar to that of Eastern Kimberley Block of the Kaapvaal Craton, at some time prior to the Mesozoic eruption of the kimberlites. The timing and nature of both the thermal equilibration of the Rehoboth Terrane, and the subsequent lithospheric heating/thinning event required to account for its present-day lithospheric structure, are not well constrained. A model consisting of the penetration of heat transporting magmas into the lithosphere, with associated chemical refertilisation, at an early stage of Mesozoic thermalism appears to be the most plausible model at present to account for both the present-day lithospheric structure of the Rehoboth Terrane and an earlier, cooler palaeo-geotherm. Some problems, however, remain unresolved in terms of the isostatic response of the model. Based on a compilation of xenocryst Cr/Ca-in-pyrope barometry observations, the extent of depleted mantle in the Rehoboth Terrane is found to be significantly reduced with respect to the Eastern Kimberley Block: 117~km versus 138-167~km. It appears most likely that the depletion depth in both terranes, at least in the vicinity of kimberlite eruption, is explained by refertilisation of the lower lithospheric mantle. {\textcopyright} 2009.},
	keywords = {Diamond, Geotherm, Lithosphere, Magnetotellurics, Southern Africa, Xenolith},
	issn = {00244937},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2009.06.023},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-72049130282\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Muller, M.R. and Jones, A.G. and Evans, R.L. and Gr{\"u}tter, H.S. and Hatton, C. and Garcia, X. and Hamilton, M.P. and Miensopust, M.P. and Cole, P. and Ngwisanyi, T. and Hutchins, D. and Fourie, C.J. and Jelsma, H.A. and Evans, S.F. and Aravanis, T. and Pettit, W. and Webb, S.J. and Wasborg, J.}
}
@article {Pham2009,
	title = {{Observations and Modeling of Rotational Signals in the P Coda: Constraints on Crustal Scattering}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	volume = {99},
	number = {2B},
	year = {2009},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1315{\textendash}1332},
	abstract = {In addition to three classical components (vertical, north-south, and east-west) of ground translations recorded by a broadband seismometer, a component of earthquake induced rotational ground motions around the vertical axis is consistently measured by a ring laser sensor located in Wettzell, southeast Germany. Significant rotations around the vertical axis in the P coda of teleseismic signals are either directly visible or can be inferred through the investigation of cross correlation between the transverse component (the component that is perpendicular to the great circle connecting the earthquake and the seismometer) of translation acceleration and ring laser rotation rate. Theoretically, in spherically symmetric isotropic media, we should not observe rotational signals around the vertical axis before the onset of SH waves. Possible causes for the observed rotations in the P coda are: (1) tilt-ring laser coupling, (2) anisotropy, (3) topographic scattering, and (4) P-SH scattering in the crust. Here we show that P-SH scattering in the 3D random crust can explain the observations and allow us to constrain crustal scattering properties.},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120080101},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67649949683\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Pham, N. D. and Igel, H. and Wassermann, J. and Kaser, M. and De La Puente, J. and Schreiber, U.}
}
@article {Gutscher2009,
	title = {{Tectonic shortening and gravitational spreading in the Gulf of Cadiz accretionary wedge: Observations from multi-beam bathymetry and seismic profiling}},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	month = {may},
	pages = {647{\textendash}659},
	abstract = {The Gulf of Cadiz lies astride the complex plate boundary between Africa and Eurasia west of the Betic-Rif mountain belt. We report on the results of recent bathymetric swathmapping and multi-channel seismic surveys carried out here. The seafloor is marked by contrasting morphological provinces, spanning the SW Iberian and NW Moroccan continental margins, abyssal plains and an elongate, arcuate, accretionary wedge. A wide variety of tectonic and gravitational processes appear to have shaped these structures. Active compressional deformation of the wedge is suggested by folding and thrusting of the frontal sedimentary layers as well as basal duplexing in deeper internal units. There is evidence for simultaneous gravitational spreading occurring upslope. The very shallow mean surface and basal slopes of the accretionary wedge (1{\textdegree} each) indicate a very weak decollement layer, geometrically similar to the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex. Locally steep slopes (up to 10{\textdegree}) indicate strongly focused, active deformation and potential gravitational instabilities. The unusual surface morphology of the upper accretionary wedge includes "raft-tectonics" type fissures and abundant sub-circular depressions. Dissolution and/or diapiric processes are proposed to be involved in the formation of these depressions. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Accretionary wedge, Decollement, Gravitational spreading, Iberia, Morocco},
	issn = {02648172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.11.008},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67349128699\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Gutscher, Marc-Andr{\'e} and Dominguez, Stephane and Westbrook, Graham K. and Gente, Pascal and Babonneau, Nathalie and Mulder, Thierry and Gonthier, Eliane and Bartolom{\'e}, Rafael and Luis, Joaquim and Rosas, Filipe and Terrinha, Pedro}
}
@article {Barckhausen2008,
	title = {{Birth of an intraoceanic spreading center}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {36},
	number = {10},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {767},
	abstract = {The Cocos-Nazca spreading center is one of the few examples of the formation of a spreading center by splitting of oceanic lithosphere. It was created when the Farallon plate, broke up in the early Miocene following the collision of the Pacific-Farallon spreading center with the North American continent. Much of the ancient Farallon plate corresponding to the area of opening is lost to subduction beneath Central America and South America, but new data from the conjugate area on the Pacific plate allow the first detailed reconstruction of the break-up process. The opening began after chron 7 (25 Ma) at a location of focused crustal extension caused by overlapping spreading centers that had evolved in response to a slight reorientation of a Pacific-Farallon ridge segment. Beginning at chron 6B (22.7 Ma), eastward progressing seafloor spreading started along an axis that most likely migrated toward the region of weak lithosphere created by the Galapagos hotspot. By chron 6 (19.5 Ma), plate splitting from the spreading center to the trench was complete, allowing the fully detached Cocos and Nazca plates to move independently. This kinematic change resulted in a significant ridge jump of the newly established Pacific-Nazca spreading center, a change in plate motion direction of the Nazca plate by 20{\textdegree}clockwise, and a large increase in Pacific-Cocos plate velocity in the middle Miocene. {\textcopyright} 2008 The Geological Society of America.},
	keywords = {Central Pacific, Farallon breakup, Galapagos hotspot, Magnetic anomalies},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G25056A.1},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-54949104690\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Barckhausen, Udo and Ranero, Cesar R. and Cande, Steven C. and Engels, Martin and Weinrebe, Wilhelm}
}
@article {Sahling2008,
	title = {{Fluid seepage at the continental margin offshore Costa Rica and southern Nicaragua}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	month = {may},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {A systematic search for methane-rich fluid seeps at the seafloor was conducted at the Pacific continental margin offshore southern Nicaragua and northern central Costa Rica, a convergent margin characterized by subduction erosion. More than 100 fluid seeps were discovered using a combination of multibeam bathymetry, side-scan sonar imagery, TV-sled observations, and sampling. This corresponds, on average, to a seep site every 4 km along the continental slope. In the northwestern part of the study area, subduction of oceanic crust formed at the East Pacific Rise is characterized by pervasive bending-induced faulting of the oceanic plate and a relatively uniform morphology of the overriding continental margin. Seepage at this part of the margin typically occurs at approximately cone-shaped mounds 50 - 100 m high and up to 1 km wide at the base. Over 60 such mounds were identified on the 240 km long margin segment. Some normal faults also host localized seepage. In contrast, in the southeast, the 220 km long margin segment overriding the oceanic crust formed at the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Centre has a comparatively more irregular morphology caused mainly by the subduction of ridges and seamounts sitting on the oceanic plate. Over 40 seeps were located on this part of the margin. This margin segment with irregular morphology exhibits diverse seep structures. Seeps are related to landslide scars, seamountsubduction related fractures, mounds, and faults. Several backscatter anomalies in side-scan images are without apparent relief and are probably related to carbonate precipitation. Detected fluid seeps are not evenly distributed across the margin but occur in a roughly margin parallel band centered 28 {\textpm} 7 km landward of the trench. This distribution suggests that seeps are possibly fed to fluids rising from the plate boundary along deep-penetrating faults through the upper plate. Copyrignt 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	keywords = {Authigenic carbonate, Chemosynthetic community, Subduction erosion},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC001978},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70350099584\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Sahling, Heiko and Masson, Douglas G. and Ranero, Cesar R. and H{\"u}hnerbach, Veit and Weinrebe, Wilhelm and Klaucke, Ingo and B{\"u}rk, Dietmar and Br{\"u}ckmann, Warner and Suess, Erwin}
}
@article {Ranero2008,
	title = {{Hydrogeological system of erosional convergent margins and its influence on tectonics and interplate seismogenesis}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {Fluid distribution in convergent margins is by most accounts closely related to tectonics. This association has been widely studied at accretionary prisms, but at half of the Earth{\textquoteright}s convergent margins, tectonic erosion grinds down overriding plates, and here fluid distribution and its relation to tectonics remain speculative. Here we present a new conceptual model for the hydrological system of erosional convergent margins. The model is based largely on new data and recently published observations from along the Middle America Trench offshore Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and it is consistent with observations from other erosional margins. The observations indicate that erosional margins possess previously unrecognized distinct hydrogeological systems: Most fluid contained in the sediment pores and liberated by early dehydration reactions drains from the plate boundary through a fractured upper plate to seep at the seafloor across the slope, rather than migrating along the d{\'e}collement toward the deformation front as described for accretionary prisms. The observations indicate that the relative fluid abundance across the plate-boundary fault zone and fluid migration influence long-term tectonics and the transition from aseismic to seismogenic behavior. The segment of the plate boundary where fluid appears to be more abundant corresponds to the locus of long-term tectonic erosion, where tectonic thinning of the overriding plate causes subsidence and the formation of the continental slope. This correspondence between observations indicates that tectonic erosion is possibly linked to the migration of overpressured fluids into the overriding plate. The presence of overpressured fluids at the plate boundary is compatible with the highest flow rates estimated at slope seeps. The change from aseismic to seismogenic behavior along the plate boundary of the erosional margin begins where the amount of fluid at the fault declines with depth, indicating a control on interplate earthquakes. A previously described similar observation along accreting plate boundaries strongly indicates that fluid abundance exerts a first-order control on interplate seismogenesis at all types of subduction zones. We hypothesize that fluid depletion with depth increases grain-to-grain contact, increasing effective stress on the fault, and modifies fault zone architecture from a thick fault zone to a narrower zone of localized slip. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	keywords = {fluid flow, Seismogenesis, subduction zones, Tectonic erosion},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001679},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67349265252\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Ranero, C. R. and Grevemeyer, I. and Sahling, H. and Barckhausen, U. and Hensen, C. and Wallmann, K. and Weinrebe, W. and Vannucchi, P. and von Huene, R. and McIntosh, K.}
}
@article {Klaucke2008,
	title = {{Multifrequency geoacoustic imaging of fluid escape structures offshore Costa Rica: Implications for the quantification of seep processes}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {Quantification of fluid fluxes from cold seeps depends on accurate estimates of the spatial validity of flux measurements. These estimates are strongly influenced by the choice of geoacoustic mapping tools. Multibeam bathymetry, side-scan sonar, and Chirp subbottom profiler data of several mound-shaped cold seeps offshore central Costa Rica show great variety in morphology and structure although the features are only a few kilometers apart. Mound 11 (a 35 m high and 1000 m in diameter structure), situated in the SE of the study area, has an irregular morphology but a smooth surface on side-scan sonar data, while mound 12 (30 m high, 600 m across) is a cone of more regular outline but with a rough surface, and mound Grillo (5 m high, 500 m across) shows the same rough surface as mound 12 but without relief. Video observations and sediment cores indicate that the structures are formed by the precipitation of authigenic carbonates and indications for extensive mud extrusion are absent, except for one possible mudflow at mound 11. Different sonar frequencies result in variable estimates of the extent of these mounds with low frequencies suggesting much wider cold seeps, consequently overestimating fluid fluxes. The absence of mud volcanism compared to accretionary prisms where mud volcanism occurs is related to different tectonic styles: strong sediment overpressure and thrust faulting in typical accretionary prisms can generate mud volcanism, while subduction erosion and normal faulting (extension) of the overriding plate at the Costa Rican margin result in fluid venting driven by only slight fluid overpressures. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	keywords = {Cold seeps, Costa Rica, Side-scan sonar},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001708},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71749104881\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Klaucke, Ingo and Masson, Douglas G. and Petersen, C. J{\"o}rg and Weinrebe, Wilhelm and Ranero, Cesar R.}
}
@inbook {RaneroC.R.;vonHueneR.;WeinrebeW.andBarckhausen2007,
	title = {{Convergent margin tectonics of Middle America: A marine perspective}},
	booktitle = {Central America, Geology, Hazards and Resources},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {239{\textendash}265},
	keywords = {A. A. Balkema Publisher)., Ed. G. Alvarado and J. Bunschu},
	url = {http://sfx.bibliotecas.csic.es/sfx\_local?url\_ver=Z39.88-2004\&rft\_val\_fmt=info\%3Aofi\%2Ffmt\%3Akev\%3Amtx\%3Abook\&rft.genre=bookitem\&rft.btitle=Central America\%3A Geology\%2C Resources and Hazards\&rft.spage=239\&rft.epage=265\&rft.date=2007\&rft.aulast=Ranero\&},
	author = {Ranero, C. R. and von Huene, R. and Weinrebe, W. and Barckhausen, U.}
}
