@article {Grevemeyer2015,
	title = {{Seismicity and active tectonics in the Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean: Constraints from an offshore-onshore seismological network and swath bathymetry data}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {Seismicity and tectonic structure of the Alboran Sea were derived from a large amphibious seismological network deployed in the offshore basins and onshore in Spain and Morocco, an area where the convergence between the African and Eurasian plates causes distributed deformation. Crustal structure derived from local earthquake data suggests that the Alboran Sea is underlain by thinned continental crust with a mean thickness of about 20km. During the 5months of offshore network operation, a total of 229 local earthquakes were located within the Alboran Sea and neighboring areas. Earthquakes were generally crustal events, and in the offshore domain, most of them occurred at crustal levels of 2 to 15km depth. Earthquakes in the Alboran Sea are poorly related to large-scale tectonic features and form a 20 to 40km wide NNE-SSW trending belt of seismicity between Adra (Spain) and Al Hoceima (Morocco), supporting the case for a major left-lateral shear zone across the Alboran Sea. Such a shear zone is in accord with high-resolution bathymetric data and seismic reflection imaging, indicating a number of small active fault zones, some of which offset the seafloor, rather than supporting a well-defined discrete plate boundary fault. Moreover, a number of large faults known to be active as evidenced from bathymetry, seismic reflection, and paleoseismic data such as the Yusuf and Carboneras faults were seismically inactive. Earthquakes below the Western Alboran Basin occurred at 70 to 110km depth and hence reflected intermediate depth seismicity related to subducted lithosphere. {\textcopyright} 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	doi = {10.1002/2015JB012073},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84949685458\&partnerID=40\&md5=f8fcd419da7cfea696b0fd9d4be46078},
	author = {Grevemeyer, I.a and Gr{\`a}cia, E.b and Villase{\~n}or, A.c and Leuchters, W.a and Watts, A.B.d}
}
@article {Hensen01042015,
	title = {{Strike-slip faults mediate the rise of crustal-derived fluids and mud volcanism in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {43},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {339{\textendash}342},
	abstract = {We report on newly discovered mud volcanoes located at \~{}4500 m water depth \~{}90 km west of the deformation front of the accretionary wedge of the Gulf of Cadiz, and thus outside of their typical geotectonic environment. Seismic data suggest that fluid flow is mediated by a >400-km-long strike-slip fault marking the transcurrent plate boundary between Africa and Eurasia. Geochemical data (Cl, B, Sr, 87Sr/86Sr, $δ$18O, $δ$D) reveal that fluids originate in oceanic crust older than 140 Ma. On their rise to the surface, these fluids receive strong geochemical signals from recrystallization of Upper Jurassic carbonates and clay-mineral dehydration in younger terrigeneous units. At present, reports of mud volcanoes in similar deep-sea settings are rare, but given that the large area of transform-type plate boundaries has been barely investigated, such pathways of fluid discharge may provide an important, yet unappreciated link between the deeply buried oceanic crust and the deep ocean.},
	doi = {10.1130/G36359.1},
	url = {http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/43/4/339.abstract},
	author = {Hensen, Christian and Scholz, Florian and Nuzzo, Marianne and Valadares, Vasco and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Terrinha, Pedro and Liebetrau, Volker and Kaul, Norbert and Silva, Sonia and Mart{\'\i}nez-Loriente, Sara and Bartolom{\'e}, Rafael and Pi{\~n}ero, Elena and Magalh{\~a}es, Vitor H and Schmidt, Mark and Weise, Stephan M and Cunha, Marina and Hilario, Ana and Perea, Hector and Rovelli, Lorenzo and Lackschewitz, Klas}
}
@article {Garcia20154261,
	title = {{Structure of the mantle beneath the Alboran Basin from magnetotelluric soundings}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {16},
	number = {12},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {4261{\textendash}4274},
	abstract = {We present results of marine MT acquisition in the Alboran sea that also incorporates previously acquired land MT from southern Spain into our analysis. The marine data show complex MT response functions with strong distortion due to seafloor topography and the coastline, but inclusion of high resolution topography and bathymetry and a seismically defined sediment unit into a 3-D inversion model has allowed us to image the structure in the underlying mantle. The resulting resistivity model is broadly consistent with a geodynamic scenario that includes subduction of an eastward trending plate beneath Gibraltar, which plunges nearly vertically beneath the Alboran. Our model contains three primary features of interest: a resistive body beneath the central Alboran, which extends to a depth of \~{}150 km. At this depth, the mantle resistivity decreases to values of \~{}100 Ohm-m, slightly higher than those seen in typical asthenosphere at the same depth. This transition suggests a change in slab properties with depth, perhaps reflecting a change in the nature of the seafloor subducted in the past. Two conductive features in our model suggest the presence of fluids released by the subducting slab or a small amount of partial melt in the upper mantle (or both). Of these, the one in the center of the Alboran basin, in the uppermost-mantle (20-30 km depth) beneath Neogene volcanics and west of the termination of the Nekkor Fault, is consistent with geochemical models, which infer highly thinned lithosphere and shallow melting in order to explain the petrology of seafloor volcanics. {\textcopyright} 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	doi = {10.1002/2015GC006100},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84955347580\&partnerID=40\&md5=9ce7a52b6fe74ed86c20613d5230a4db},
	author = {Garcia, X.a and Seill{\'e}, H.b and Elsenbeck, J.c and Evans, R.L.c and Jegen, M.d and H{\"o}lz, S.d and Ledo, J.e and Lovatini, A.f and Marti, A.e and Marcuello, A.e and Queralt, P.e and Ungarelli, C.f and Ranero, C.R.g}
}
@article {Hanebuth2014,
	title = {{Drilling Glacial Deposits in Offshore Polar Regions}},
	journal = {Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union},
	volume = {95},
	number = {31},
	year = {2014},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {277{\textendash}278},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {High latitudes are of fundamental importance in the Earth{\textquoteright}s climate system - they house ice sheets that govern global sea level heights, influence how much solar energy is reflected back to space, and create deep and bottom waters that drive the ocean{\textquoteright}s ability to circulate energy and nutrients across the globe. {\textcopyright}2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	keywords = {Arctic region, Glacigenic drilling, grounding zone wedges},
	issn = {00963941},
	doi = {10.1002/2014EO310001},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84905693212\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Hanebuth, Till J. J. and Rebesco, Michele and Urgeles, Roger and Lucchi, Renata G. and Freudenthal, Tim}
}
@booklet {HensenC.ScholzF.MarianneN.ValadaresV.GraciaE.TerrinhaP.LiebetrauV.KaulN.SilvaS.Martinez-lorienteS.BartolomeR.PineroE.MagalhaesV.H.SchmidtM.WeiseS.M.CunhaM.HilarioA.Pereah.RovelliL.2014,
	title = {{Strike-slip Faults Mediate the Rise of Basement-Derived Fluids and Mud Volcanism in the Deep Sea}},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Geology},
	author = {Hensen, C. and Scholz, F. and Marianne, N. and Valadares, V. and Gr{\`a}cia, E. and Terrinha, P. and Liebetrau, V. and Kaul, N. and Silva, S. and Martinez-Loriente, S. and Bartolome, R. and Pi{\~n}ero, E. and Mag{\~a}lhaes, V.H. and Schmidt, M. and S.M., Weise and Cunha, M. and Hilario, A. and Perea, H. and Rovelli, L. K.}
}
@conference {Garcia2013,
	title = {{ARMA 13-203 Revisiting Vertical Hydraulic Fracture Propagation Through Layered Formations {\textendash} A Numerical Evaluation}},
	booktitle = {47th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {2501{\textendash}2511},
	abstract = {In the oil and gas industry, vertical growth/containment of fractures during hydraulic fracturing is of pivotal importance to the success of well stimulations. Experimental work have improved our understanding of the topic, but it is sometimes difficult to explore, in isolation, some of the multiple parameters involved in the problem. Analytical models cannot account for the whole complexity of the problem, and although numerical models are an alternative, they also come with their own benefits and drawbacks. Oversimplification, limitations on the size of the treatable systems, and erroneous/doubtful assumptions are sometimes drawbacks of numerical approaches. In this work, an effort is made to overcome some of these issues and present a numerical model which incorporates the physics of fracture growth and does not rely on prescribed constitute laws or continuum equations. The approach is based on the discrete element method (DEM) and accounts for the physics of fracture growth from basic principles. The model has the benefit of being a hybrid model that includes the fine-details of tip mechanics plus the large-scale effects of an arbitrarily large surrounding medium. This approach was used to study, in isolation, the influence of toughness contrast on the propagation mode of a fracture through an interface separating two formations. The model captured the local scale effects of the interaction of the tip of a vertical fracture approaching a horizontal fracture while still being computationally efficient. The results obtained indicate that when varying the single parameter of toughness contrast, four main propagation modes were observed for Mode I fractures: straight crossing across the interface between layers, arrest at the interface, propagation across the interface but with a T-shaped fracture, and reinitiation of the fracture with an offset (jog). Copyright 2013 ARMA, American Rock Mechanics Association.},
	isbn = {9781629931180},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84892878236\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Garcia, X and Nagel, N and Zhang, F and Lee, B}
}
@article {Nagel2013,
	title = {{Coupled Numerical Evaluations of the Geomechanical Interactions Between a Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation and a Natural Fracture System in Shale Formations}},
	journal = {Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering},
	volume = {46},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {581{\textendash}609},
	abstract = {Due to the low permeability of many shale reservoirs, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells is used to increase the productive, stimulated reservoir volume. However, each created hydraulic fracture alters the stress field around it, and subsequent fractures are affected by the stress field from previous fractures. The results of a numerical evaluation of the effect of stress field changes (stress shadowing), as a function of natural fracture and geomechanical properties, are presented, including a detailed evaluation of natural fracture shear failure (and, by analogy, the generated microseismicity) due to a created hydraulic fracture. The numerical simulations were performed using continuum and discrete element modeling approaches in both mechanical-only and fully coupled, hydro-mechanical modes. The results show the critical impacts that the stress field changes from a created hydraulic fracture have on the shear of the natural fracture system, which in-turn, significantly affects the success of the hydraulic fracture stimulation. Furthermore, the results provide important insight into: the role of completion design (stage spacing) and operational parameters (rate, viscosity, etc.) on the possibility of enhancing the stimulation of the natural fracture network ({\textquoteright}complexity{\textquoteright}); the mechanisms that generate the microseismicity that occurs during a hydraulic fracture stimulation; and the interpretation of the generated microseismicity in relation to the volume of stimulated reservoir formation. {\textcopyright} 2013 Springer-Verlag Wien.},
	keywords = {Discrete element modeling, Horizontal well, Hydraulic fracturing, Multi-stage fracturing, Natural fractures, Numerical simulation, Stimulation, Stimulation optimization, Well completion},
	issn = {0723-2632},
	doi = {10.1007/s00603-013-0391-x},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84877873776\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Nagel, N. B. and Sanchez-Nagel, M. A. and Zhang, F. and Garcia, X. and Lee, B.}
}
@article {Cartes2013,
	title = {{Geomorphological, trophic and human influences on the bamboo coral Isidella elongata assemblages in the deep Mediterranean: To what extent does Isidella form habitat for fish and invertebrates?}},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {52{\textendash}65},
	abstract = {We analyzed what are the best ecological conditions for megafauna associated with the bamboo coral Isidella elongata based on the geomorphological, physical and trophic information taken in 3 stations (St1, St2, St3) off the southern Catalonian coasts at 620m depth in June 2011. Results were compared with assemblage compositions recorded in past cruises (May 1992, 1994) at the same 3 stations. St1 was in a fishing ground exploited since the 1940s over a relatively wide slope at ca. 22km from the nearest canyon head; St2 and St3 were on a narrower slope closer to canyon heads and to the Ebro river mouth than St1. I. elongata had formed (to May 1994, at least) a dense coral forest at St2-St3 (to ca. 255 colonies/ha at St3), and some isolated colonies (to ca. 0.9 colonies/ha) were still collected in 2011. Fish and invertebrate communities significantly differed between St1 and St2/St3, with two macrourid fishes (Trachrhynchus trachyrhynchus and Nezumia aequalis) and two decapods (Plesionika martia and Plesionika acanthonotus) more abundant at St2/St3. The following ecological indicators imply better food conditions for megafauna at St2-St3 and for I. elongata itself: (i) greater density of zooplankton (copepods, euphausiids, and others) as potential prey for planktivores (including I. elongata); (ii) greater biomass and mean weight of epifaunal and infaunal deposit feeders; (iii) higher feeding intensity, F, at St3 for benthos feeders (Phycis blennoides, N. aequalis and Aristeus antennatus). Also, at St2-St3 we found higher near-bottom turbidity (indicating particle resuspension: food for suspension feeders) and finer and more reduced (Eh) sediments. The results let us suggest that corals and accompanying fauna preferently found optimal ecological conditions in the same habitat, while habitat-forming capacity by I. elongata seemed weak to generate these conditions. Coral forests may enhance detritus accumulations around them, improving habitat conditions for benthos feeders (e.g. macrourid fish). At St3 our side-scan sonar recorded three types of tracks produced by trawler doors, which match with three identified vessels occasionally operating in the area. After this low fishing activity off the Ebro Delta since the mid-1990s, almost all colonies of I. elongata has been removed. However, this impact has hardly altered fish and invertebrate composition without any significant loss of diversity, pointing also toward a rather low capacity of I. elongata facies in forming habitat for megafauna on muddy bottoms of the Mediterranean slope. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
	keywords = {Bamboo coral, Canyons, Deep Mediterranean, Fish, Forming habitat, Invertebrates, Isidella elongate, Stable isotopy, Trophic relationships},
	issn = {09670637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2013.01.006},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84876701226\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Cartes, J.E. and LoIacono, C. and Mamouridis, V. and L{\'o}pez-P{\'e}rez, C. and Rodr{\'\i}guez, P.}
}
@article {Lucchi2013,
	title = {{Postglacial sedimentary processes on the Storfjorden and Kveithola trough mouth fans: Significance of extreme glacimarine sedimentation}},
	journal = {Global and Planetary Change},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2013},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {309{\textendash}326},
	abstract = {The depositional history of the Storfjorden and Kveithola trough-mouth fans (TMFs) in the northwestern Barents Sea has been investigated within two coordinated Spanish and Italian projects in the framework of the International Polar Year (IPY) Activity 367, NICE STREAMS. The investigation has been conducted using a multidisciplinary approach to the study of sediment cores positioned on high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and TOPAS/CHIRP sub-bottom profiles.Core correlation and the age model were based on 27 AMS 14C samples, rock magnetic parameters, lithofacies sequences, and the presence of marker beds including two oxidized layers marking the post Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) inception of deglaciation (OX-2) and the Younger Dryas cold climatic event (OX-1).Sediment facies analysis allowed the distinction of a number of depositional processes whose onset appears closely related to ice stream dynamics and oceanographic patterns in response to climate change. The glacigenic diamicton with low water content, high density, and high shear strength, deposited during glacial maxima, indicates ice streams grounded at the shelf edge. Massive release of IRD occurred at the inception of deglaciation in response to increased calving rates with possible outer ice streams lift off and collapse. The presence of a several-meter-thick sequence of interlaminated sediments deposited by subglacial outbursts of turbid meltwater (plumites) indicates rapid ice streams{\textquoteright} melting and retreat. Crudely-layered and heavily-bioturbated sediments were deposited by contour currents under climatic/environmental conditions favorable to bioproductivity.The extreme sedimentation rate of 3.4cma-1 calculated for the plumites from the upper-slope area indicates a massive, nearly instantaneous (less than 150years), terrigenous input corresponding to an outstanding meltwater event. We propose these interlaminated sediments to represent the high-latitude marine record of MeltWater Pulse 1a (MWP-1a). Different bathymetric and oceanographic conditions controlled locally the mode of glacial retreat, resulting in different thickness of plumites on the upper continental slope of the Storfjorden and Kveithola TMFs. It is possible that the southern part of Storfjorden TMF received additional sediments from the deglaciation of the neighboring Kveithola ice stream. {\textcopyright} 2013.},
	keywords = {Barents Sea, Gullies, LGM, Meltwater plumes, MWP-1a, Sedimentary processes},
	issn = {09218181},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.10.008},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84887563264\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Lucchi, R.G. and Camerlenghi, A. and Rebesco, M. and Colmenero-Hidalgo, E. and Sierro, F.J. and Sagnotti, L. and Urgeles, R. and Melis, R. and Morigi, C. and B{\'a}rcena, M.-A. and Giorgetti, G. and Villa, G. and Persico, D. and Flores, J.-A. and Rigual-Hern{\'a}ndez, A.S. and Pedrosa, M.T. and Macri, P. and Caburlotto, A.}
}
@article {E.Gracia2013,
	title = {{Preface: Marine and Lake Paleoseismology}},
	journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
	volume = {13},
	number = {12},
	year = {2013},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {3469{\textendash}3478},
	abstract = {This special issue of Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS) contains 16 papers that resulted from the European Science Foundation (ESF) Research Conference "Submarine Paleoseismology: The Offshore Search of Large Holocene Earthquakes" that was held at the Universit{\"a}tszentrum Obergurgl (Austria), from 11 to 16 September 2010 (Pantosti et al., 2011). The conference enabled scientists from a number of existing lines of research to give an official start and international recognition to subaqueous paleoseismology. The scope of this Special Issue is built on the content of the ESF conference and includes different aspects of marine and lake paleoseismology. The 16 papers are separated into two main groups, namely, on-fault or off-fault paleoseismic studies. On-fault paleoseismology focuses on the observation, measurement and quantification of history of movements along the fault plane, where direct evidence of earthquake activity includes displacement of sediment strata and landforms such as seafloor scarps (Argnani et al., 2012; Beck et al., 2012; Gr{\`a}cia et al., 2012; Perea et al., 2012; Polonia et al., 2012). Off-fault paleoseismology uses the sedimentary record to identify deposits generated, directly or indirectly by seismic activity, such as mass-transport deposits, turbidites and tsunamites (Drab et al., 2012; Morey et al., 2013; Cattaneo et al., 2012; Gerardi et al., 2012; Goldfinger et al., 2013b; Langridge et al., 2012; Nelson et al., 2012; Patton et al., 2013; Pouderoux et al., 2012a; Smedile et al., 2012; Vacchi et al., 2012). {\textcopyright} 2013 Author(s).},
	issn = {1684-9981},
	doi = {10.5194/nhess-13-3469-2013},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84891048700\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {E. Gr{\`a}cia, E. and Lamarche, G. and Nelson, H. and Pantosti, D.}
}
@inbook {Urgeles2012,
	title = {{Distinguishing sediment bedforms from sediment deformation in prodeltas of the Mediterranean Sea.}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movement and Their Consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {233{\textendash}244},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {Most Mediterranean prodeltas show undulated sediments on the foresets of their Holocene wedges. These features have been described all along the Mediterranean and interpreted as either soft sediment deformation or, more recently, as sediment bedforms. We present a detailed analysis of these features using ultrahighresolution seismic and bathymetric data, as well as geotechnical information and hydrodynamic time series and hydrographic transects. We show that the characteristics of the sediment undulations (morphology and configuration of the reflections down section and between adjacent undulations) are incompatible with a genesis by sediment deformation. {\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.},
	keywords = {Prodeltas, Sediment bedforms, slope failure, Undulated sediments},
	isbn = {978-94-007-2161-6},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904091924\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Urgeles, Roger and Cattaneo, Antonio and Puig, Pere and Liquete, Camino and De Mol, Ben and Sultan, Nabil and Trincardi, Fabio},
	editor = {Yamada, Yasuhiro and Kawamura, Kiichiro and Ikehara, Ken and Ogawa, Yujiro and Urgeles, Roger and Mosher, David and Chaytor, Jason and Strasser, Michael}
}
@article {Gutscher2012,
	title = {{The Gibraltar subduction: A decade of new geophysical data}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {574-575},
	year = {2012},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {72{\textendash}91},
	abstract = {The Gibraltar arc, spans a complex portion of the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary marked by slow oblique convergence and intermediate and deep focus seismicity. The seemingly contradictory observations of a young extensional marine basin surrounded by an arcuate fold-and-thrust belt, have led to competing geodynamic models (delamination and subduction). Geophysical data acquired in the past decade provide a test for these models and support a narrow east-dipping, subduction zone. Seismic refraction studies indicate oceanic crust below the western Gulf of Cadiz. Tomography of the upper mantle reveals a steep, east-dipping high P-wave velocity body, beneath Gibraltar. The anisotropic mantle fabric from SKS splitting shows arc-parallel "fast directions", consistent with toroidal flow around a narrow, westward retreating subducting slab. The accompanying WSW advance of the Rif-Betic mountain belt has constructed a thick pile of deformed sediments, an accretionary wedge, characterized by west-vergent thrust anticlines. Bathymetric swath-mapping images an asymmetric embayment at the deformation front where a 2. km high basement ridge has collided. Subduction has slowed significantly since 5. Ma, but deformation of recent sediments and abundant mud volcanoes suggest ongoing activity in the accretionary wedge. Three possible origins for this deformation are discussed; gravitational spreading, overall NW-SE convergence between Africa and Iberia and finally a WSW tectonic push from slow, but ongoing roll-back subduction. In the absence of arc volcanism and shallow dipping thrust type earthquakes, evidence in favor of present-day subduction can only be indirect and remains the object of debate. Continued activity of the subduction offers a possible explanation for great (M. >. 8.5) earthquakes known to affect the area, like the famous 1755 Great Lisbon earthquake. Recent GPS studies show SW motion of stations in N Morocco at velocities of 3-6. mm/yr indicating the presence of an independent block, a "Rif-Betic-Alboran" microplate, situated between Iberia and Africa. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {Accretionary wedge, Active deformation, earthquakes, Iberia, Roll-back subduction, Tethys oceanic lithosphere},
	issn = {00401951},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tecto.2012.08.038},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84867273669\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Gutscher, M.-A. and Dominguez, S. and Westbrook, G.K. and Le Roy, P. and Rosas, F. and Duarte, J.C. and Terrinha, P. and Miranda, J.M. and Graindorge, D. and Gailler, A. and Sallar{\`e}s, V. and Bartolome, R.}
}
@conference {Nagel2012a,
	title = {{Hydraulic fracturing optimization for unconventional reservoirs - The critical role of the mechanical properties of the natural fracture network}},
	booktitle = {Society of Petroleum Engineers - SPE Canadian Unconventional Resources Conference 2012, CURC 2012},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {227{\textendash}237},
	abstract = {The success of many shale plays depends on the optimal stimulation of natural fractures, and the characterization of the natural fracture systems is a key issue often leading to the construction of a discrete fracture network (DFN). The DFN chiefly consists of fracture spacing, fracture dip, and dip direction from numerous sources, and, in some cases, is matched to well test data allowing for the determination of hydraulic properties. However, a commonly missing component of natural fracture characterization, and the component most important to evaluating the coupled hydro-mechanical behavior of the fractures during a hydraulic fracture stimulation, is the evaluation of the mechanical behavior of the fractures. The important mechanical parameters of the fractures include: a) elastic properties such as shear and normal stiffness, which relate changes in pore pressure to changes in aperture; b) strength parameters such as cohesion and friction angle, which define when a fracture may shear and open; c) dilational properties, which relate fracture opening to shear slippage; d) fracture toughness, which determines the pressure required to extend a fracture; and e) initial aperture. In this paper, using a new, state-of-the-art, fully-coupled, 3D distinct element hydraulic fracturing simulator, mechanical fracture parameters were evaluated in a parametric study in order to determine their impact on the effectiveness of hydraulic fracture stimulations. Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers.},
	isbn = {9781622764884},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84875645702\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Nagel, Neal B. and Garcia, Xavier and Lee, Byungtark and Sanchez-Nagel, Marisela}
}
@inbook {Locat2012,
	title = {{IGCP 511: Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences (2005-2009)}},
	booktitle = {Tales Set in Stone {\textendash} 40 Years of the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP)},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {62{\textendash}66},
	publisher = {Unesco},
	organization = {Unesco},
	abstract = {Peer Reviewed},
	isbn = {isbn: 978-92-3-001036-2},
	url = {http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/90571},
	author = {Locat, Jacques and Mienert, Juergen and Urgeles, Roger}
}
@article {LoIacono2012a,
	title = {{Large, deepwater slope failures: Implications for landslide-generated tsunamis}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {10},
	year = {2012},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {931{\textendash}934},
	abstract = {Deepwater landslides are often underestimated as potential tsunami triggers. The North Gorringe avalanche (NGA) is a large (\~{}80 km3 and 35 km runout) newly discovered and deepwater (2900 m to 5100 m depth) mass failure located at the northern fl ank of Gorringe Bank on the southwest Iberian margin. Steep slopes and pervasive fracturing are suggested as the main preconditioning factors for the NGA, while an earthquake is the most likely trigger mechanism. Near-fi eld tsunami simulations show that a mass failure similar to the NGA could generate a wave >15 m high that would hit the south Portuguese coasts in \~{}30 min. This suggests that deepwater landslides require more attention in geo-hazard assessment models of southern Europe, as well as, at a global scale, in seismically active margins. {\textcopyright} 2012 Geological Society of America.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G33446.1},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84868693659\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Lo Iacono, C. and Gr{\`a}cia, E. and Zaniboni, F. and Pagnoni, G. and Tinti, S. and Bartolome, R. and Masson, D. G. and Wynn, R. B. and Lourenco, N. and Pinto de Abreu, M. and Danobeitia, J. J. and Zitellini, N.}
}
@inbook {Gracia2012,
	title = {{A Margem Sul Portuguesa profunda}},
	booktitle = {Geologia de Portugal},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {961{\textendash}987},
	keywords = {Estratigrafia, Geologia regional, Margem Sul Portuguesa, Morfotect{\'o}nica, Sismotect{\'o}nica},
	url = {http://repositorio.lneg.pt/handle/10400.9/2252},
	author = {Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Gutscher, Marc-Andr{\'e} and Louren{\c c}o, Nuno and Abreu, M. P.}
}
@conference {Nagel2012b,
	title = {{A numerical evaluation of the geomechanical interactions between a hydraulic fracture stimulation and a natural fracture system}},
	booktitle = {46th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2012},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1882{\textendash}1898},
	abstract = {Due to the low permeability of many shale gas reservoirs, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells is used to increase the stimulated volume. However, each created hydraulic fracture alters the stress field around it, and subsequent fractures are affected by the stress field from the previous fractures, which results in higher net pressures, smaller fracture widths, and diminished microseismic emissions. The results of a numerical evaluation of the effect of stress shadowing, as a function of natural fracture and geomechanical properties, are presented, including a detailed evaluation of natural fracture shear failure (and, by analogy, the microseismicity) due to a created hydraulic fracture using both continuum and discrete element modeling approaches. The results show the critical impact that a created hydraulic fracture has on the shear of the natural fracture system, which in-turn, significantly affects the success of the stimulation. Furthermore, the results provide important insight into the mechanisms that generate the microseismicity that occurs during a hydraulic fracture stimulation. Copyright 2012 ARMA, American Rock Mechanics Association.},
	isbn = {9781622765140},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84873277033\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Nagel, N. B. and Sanchez-Nagel, M. A. and Garcia, X. and Lee, B.}
}
@inbook {Rebesco2012,
	title = {{One million years of climatic generated landslide events on the northwestern Barents Sea continental margin.}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movement and Their Consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {747{\textendash}756},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {Relatively recent, shallow landslides are imaged both on swath bathymetry, sub-bottom and multichannel seismic reflection (MCS) data from the upper-middle continental slope on the Storfjorden and Kveithola Trough Mouth Fans, NW Barents Sea margin. Giant paleo-landslide deposits, detected only by MCS profiles, are characterized by chaotic acoustic units up to about 250 m thick on the lower continental slope. The thickest, oldest landslide, dated between 1 and 0.8 Ma, took place just after the large-scale intensification of glaciation in the Barents Sea. The apparent spatial coincidence of landslides and channels with the boundary between the two fan systems, that are generated due to huge quantities of sediments transported to the continental slope by paleo-ice streams, suggests a common controlling climatic process for their development. Most probably the slides are related to the abundance of basal meltwater beneath the ice sheet, which in addition to determining ice stream motion and lubrication also influences the behavior of mass wasting processes. {\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.},
	keywords = {Continental slope, NW barents sea margin, Sealloor morphology, Seismic reflection, Submarine landslide},
	isbn = {978-94-007-2161-6},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904105361\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Rebesco, Michele and Pedrosa, Maria T. and Camerlenghi, Angelo and Lucchi, Renata G. and Sauli, Chiara and De Mol, Ben and Madrussani, Gianni and Urgeles, Roger and Rossi, Giuliana and B{\"o}hm, Gualtiero},
	editor = {Yamada, Yasuhiro and Kawamura, Kiichiro and Ikehara, Ken and Ogawa, Yujiro and Urgeles, Roger and Mosher, David and Chaytor, Jason and Strasser, Michael}
}
@inbook {Lucchi2012,
	title = {{Recent submarine landslides on the continental slope of Storfjorden and Kveithola Trough-Mouth Fans (north west Barents Sea)}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, 34, Springer, Dordrecht (The Netherlands)},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {735{\textendash}745},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {Up to 12 submarine landslides retain a morphological evidence as concave amphitheater-like depressions of various sizes on the middle and upper slope of the Storfjorden and Kveithola Trough-Mouth Fans (TMFs), NW Barents Sea. The largest of them show lateral scarps 35-40 m high that reach the continental shelf edge and cover an area of at least 1,120 km2. Submarine landslides are translational, with headwall and laterals scarps clearly cut into Last Glacial Maximum debris flows deposits. The largest landslides seem to be rooted at the base of a terrigenous/hemipelagic sedimentary unit inferred to be of Middle Weichselian age (Marine Isotopic Stage 3). Stratigraphic, lithological and geotechnical observations suggest that the rapid deposition of a thick sequence of fine-grained, high water content interlaminate plumites is the most important controlling factors in the generation of submarine landslides on the southern Storfjorden and Kveithola TMFs. {\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.},
	keywords = {Barents Sea, Debris flow, Ice stream, Kveithola, Storfjorden, Submarine landslide, Trough-mouth fans},
	isbn = {978-94-007-2161-6},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904104155\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Lucchi, Renata G. and Pedrosa, Maria T. and Camerlenghi, Angelo and Urgeles, Roger and De Mol, Ben and Rebesco, Michele},
	editor = {Yamada, Yasuhiro and Kawamura, Kiichiro and Ikehara, Ken and Ogawa, Yujiro and Urgeles, Roger and Mosher, David and Chaytor, Jason and Strasser, Michael}
}
@article {Lefeldt2012,
	title = {{Seismic evidence of tectonic control on the depth of water influx into incoming oceanic plates at subduction trenches}},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {2012},
	month = {may},
	pages = {Q05013},
	abstract = {Water transported by slabs into the mantle at subduction zones plays key roles in tectonics, magmatism, fluid and volatiles fluxes, and most likely in the chemical evolution of the Earth{\textquoteright}s oceans and mantle. Yet, incorporation of water into oceanic plates before subduction is a poorly understood process. Several studies suggest that plates may acquire most water at subduction trenches because the ocean crust and uppermost mantle there are intensely faulted caused by bending and/or slab pull, and display anomalously low seismic velocities. The low velocities are interpreted to arise from a combination of fluid-filled fractures associated to normal faulting and mineral transformation by hydration. Mantle hydration by transformation of nominally dry peridotite to water-rich serpentinite could potentially create the largest fluid reservoir in slabs and is therefore the most relevant for the transport of water in the deep mantle. The depth of fracturing by normal-fault earthquakes is usually not well constrained, but could potentially create deep percolation paths for water that might hydrate up to tens of kilometers into the mantle, restrained only by serpentine stability. Yet, interpretation of deep intraplate mineral alteration remains speculative because active-source seismic experiments have sampled only the uppermost few kilometers of mantle, leaving the depth-extent of anomalous velocities and their relation to faulting unconstrained. Here we use a joint inversion of active-source seismic data, and both local and regional earthquakes to map the three dimensional distribution of anomalous velocities under a seismic network deployed at the trench seafloor. We found that anomalous velocities are restrained to the depth of normal-fault micro-earthquake activity recorded in the network, and are considerably shallower than either the rupture depth of teleseismic, normal-fault earthquakes, or the limit of serpentine stability. Extensional micro-earthquakes indicate that each fault in the region slips every 2-3months which may facilitate regular water percolation. Deeper, teleseismic earthquakes are comparatively infrequent, and possibly do not cause significant fracturing that remains open long enough to promote alteration detectable with our seismic study. Our results show that the stability field of serpentine does not constrain the depth of potential mantle hydration. Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	keywords = {Bending, Microseismicity, Oceanic plates, serpentinization, Subduction zone, Water influx},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2012GC004043},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84861357079\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Lefeldt, M. and Ranero, C. R. and Grevemeyer, I.}
}
@conference {Nagel2012,
	title = {{Understanding "SRV": A numerical investigation of "wet" vs. "dry" microseismicity during hydraulic fracturing}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {3375{\textendash}3386},
	abstract = {Effective monitoring of hydraulic fracturing stimulations is critical to their optimization, and the evaluation of field microseismic data is now commonly used in many of the active shale plays for this purpose. The concept of Stimulated Reservoir Volume (SRV), for example, is a common technique wherein the extent of the microseismic data is used to represent the size of the fluid drainage area for a fracture or well. A principal challenge with the interpretation of microseismic data - and its use to determine drainage area or some other metric for the success of the stimulation - is the understanding of the actual cause of the microseismicity itself. Basic geomechanics principles show that rock failure - the cause of microseismicity - is a result of changes in the in-situ effective stresses relative to a given rock strength. Effective stress - which is the stress acting on the rock matrix - may change either through a change in pore pressure (leading to {\textquoteright}wet{\textquoteright} microseismicity) or through a change in the total stress (leading to {\textquoteright}dry{\textquoteright} microseismicity). Dry microseismicity may occur well beyond the pressure field and be hydraulically disconnected from the wellbore. In this paper, we present the results of a numerical study of hydraulic fracturing-induced microseismicity using a discrete element code, where the mechanical behavior of the natural fractures is modeled explicitly, which allows for the quantitative evaluation of {\textquoteright}wet{\textquoteright} versus {\textquoteright}dry{\textquoteright} microseismicity. Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers.},
	isbn = {9781622764150},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84874038119\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Nagel, Neal B. and Garcia, Xavier and Nagel, Marisela Sanchez and Lee, Byungtark}
}
@article {Urgeles2011,
	title = {{A review of undulated sediment features on Mediterranean prodeltas: distinguishing sediment transport structures from sediment deformation}},
	journal = {Marine Geophysical Research},
	volume = {32},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {49{\textendash}69},
	abstract = {Most Mediterranean prodeltas show undulated sediment features on the foresets of their Holocene wedges. These features have been described all along the Mediterranean for the last 30 years and interpreted as either soft sediment deformation and incipient landsliding, and more recently, as sediment transport structures. We perform a review and detailed analysis of these undulated sediment features using ultrahigh-resolution seismic and bathymetric data as well as geotechnical information and hydrodynamic time series and hydrographic transects. In this study we show that the characteristics of the sediment undulations (configuration of the reflections down section and between adjacent undulations and overall morphologic characteristics) are incompatible with a genesis by sediment deformation alone and do not show evidence of sediment deformation in most cases. Various processes in the benthic boundary layer can be invoked to explain the variety of features observed in the numerous areas displaying sediment undulations. {\textcopyright} 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.},
	keywords = {Hyperpycnal flows, Internal waves, Prodeltas, Sediment waves, slope failure, Undulated sediments},
	issn = {0025-3235},
	doi = {10.1007/s11001-011-9125-1},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79961209935\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Urgeles, Roger and Cattaneo, Antonio and Puig, Pere and Liquete, Camino and De Mol, Ben and Amblas, David and Sultan, Nabil and Trincardi, Fabio}
}
@article {Pedrosa2011,
	title = {{Seabed morphology and shallow sedimentary structure of the Storfjorden and Kveithola trough-mouth fans (North West Barents Sea)}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {286},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {65{\textendash}81},
	abstract = {This study aims to present an overview of the seafloor morphology and shallow sedimentary structure of the Storfjorden and Kveithola Trough Mouth Fans (TMFs) on the northwestern Barents Sea continental margin. Data have been compiled from two International Polar Year (IPY) cruises (SVAIS, of the BIO Hesp{\'e}rides and EGLACOM of the R/V OGS-Explora) that yielded 15,340km2 of multi-beam bathymetry and 9500km of sub-bottom seismic profiles. In this area, the continental shelf edge defines three wide and subdued sedimentary lobes forming Storfjorden TMF, one single lobe on Kveithola TMF, and three inter-TMF areas on the continental slope. The two northernmost lobes of Storfjorden TMF (Lobes I and II) are composed by thick (up to 50m) sequences of glacially derived debris flow deposits interbedded with thin a few metres de-glacial and interglacial deposits. A network of upper slope gullies incises these debris flow deposits as a consequence of subglacial meltwater release at or near the shelf break. Gullies evolve into channels whose morphologic evidence disappears midslope, leaving place to a subdued chevron-like morphological pattern inherited by the preceeding glacial maximum debris flow deposits. A drastic change occurs on the continental slope of Storfjorden TMF Lobe III and Kveithola TMF, where are several translational submarine landslides mostly originated in the upper slope, the majority of which detach at the contact between Middle Weishelian glacigenic debris flows and the overlying acoustically laminated plumites. Dendritic canyon systems only develop in inter-TMF areas. The data suggest that TMF continental slope progradation depends on short-lived episodes of extreme sedimentation during glacial maxima and during the early deglaciation phase, and that an important controlling factor is the mechanism of ice stream retreat from the continental shelf edge. We suggest that the two northern Storfjorden sub-ice streams were composed of thicker and perhaps faster ice progressively draining a distal and larger ice source mainly located on Svalbard. Conversely, the southernmost Storfjorden sub-ice stream and the Kveithola ice stream were fed by a local, smaller marine-based ice dome grounded on Spitsbergenbanken. The ice dome persisted after the LGM, maintaining a local ice drainage system close to the shelf edge whose sedimentary evidence can be found on the continental slope of the southern lobe of Storfjorden TMF and Kveithola TMF. The high degree of lateral variability in the style of sedimentation on TMF slopes suggests that ice stream dynamics may vary considerably within the same glacial trough, and that such variability affects the long-term development of the architecture of TMFs. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {Barents Sea, Deglaciation, Glacial maximum, Paleo-ice streams, Storfjorden, Svalbard},
	issn = {00253227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2011.05.009},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80051568915\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Pedrosa, M.T. and Camerlenghi, A. and De Mol, B. and Urgeles, R. and Rebesco, M. and Lucchi, R.G.}
}
@booklet {Sueng-Won,
	title = {{Submarine Landslides: Science, Technology and Challenges}},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Taehan t{\textquoteright}omok hakhoe},
	abstract = {8 pages, 11 figures.},
	url = {http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/57343},
	author = {Sueng-Won, Jeong and Locat, Jacques and Leroueil, Serge and Urgeles, Roger}
}
@article {Amblas2011,
	title = {{Transient erosion in the Valencia Trough turbidite systems, NW Mediterranean Basin}},
	journal = {Geomorphology},
	volume = {130},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {173{\textendash}184},
	abstract = {Submarine canyons can efficiently drain sediments from continental margins just as river systems do in subaerial catchments. Like in river systems, submarine canyons are often arranged as complex drainage networks that evolve from patterns of erosion and deposition. In the present paper we use a morphometric analysis of submarine canyon-channel long-profiles to study the recent sedimentary history of the Valencia Trough turbidite system (VTTS) in the NW Mediterranean Sea. The VTTS is unique in that it drains sediment from margins with contrasting morphologies through a single "trunk" conduit, the Valencia Channel. The Valencia Channel has been active since the late Miocene, evolving in response to Plio-Quaternary episodes of erosion and deposition. The integrated analysis of long-profiles obtained from high-resolution bathymetric data across the entire turbidite system shows evidence for transient canyon incision in the form of knickpoints and hanging tributaries. Multiple factors appear to have triggered these periods of incision. These include a large debris flow at 11,500. yr. BP that disrupted the upper reaches of the VTTS and glacio-eustatic lowstands that forced shifting of sediment input to the VTTS. Based on these inferences, long-term time-averaged incision rates for the Valencia Channel have been estimated. The evidence we present strongly suggests that Foix Canyon has played a key role in the drainage dynamics of the VTTS in the past.This study builds conceptually on a recent modeling study that provides a morphodynamic explanation for the long-term evolution of submarine canyon thalweg profiles. The procedure and results from this work are of potential application to other submarine sediment drainage systems, past and present, including those containing mid-ocean type valleys like the Valencia Channel. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {Knickpoints, Long-profiles, Submarine canyons, Transient erosion, Turbidity currents},
	issn = {0169555X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.03.013},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79956155543\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Amblas, David and Gerber, Thomas P. and Canals, Miquel and Pratson, Lincoln F. and Urgeles, Roger and Lastras, Galderic and Calafat, Antoni M.}
}
@article {Garcia2011a,
	title = {{A two-phase adaptive finite element method for solid-fluid coupling in complex geometries}},
	journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids},
	volume = {66},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {may},
	pages = {82{\textendash}96},
	abstract = {In this paper we present a method to solve the Navier-Stokes equations in complex geometries, such as porous sands, using a finite-element solver but without the complexity of meshing the porous space. The method is based on treating the solid boundaries as a second fluid and solving a set of equations similar to those used for multi-fluid flow. When combined with anisotropic mesh adaptivity, it is possible to resolve complex geometries starting with an arbitrary coarse mesh. The approach is validated by comparing simulation results with available data in three test cases. In the first we simulate the flow past a cylinder. The second test case compares the pressure drop in flow through random packs of spheres with the Ergun equation. In the last case simulation results are compared with experimental data on the flow past a simplified vehicle model (Ahmed body) at high Reynolds number using large-eddy simulation (LES). Results are in good agreement with all three reference models. {\textcopyright} 2010 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd..},
	keywords = {Anisotropic mesh adaptivity, Ergun equation, Flow past a cylinder, Flow past sphere packs, Flow past the Ahmed body, Two-fluid approach},
	issn = {02712091},
	doi = {10.1002/fld.2249},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79953156921\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Garcia, Xavier and Pavlidis, Dimitrios and Gorman, Gerard J. and Gomes, Jefferson L. M. A. and Piggott, Matthew D. and Aristodemou, Elsa and Mindel, Julian and Latham, John-Paul and Pain, Christopher C. and ApSimon, Helen}
}
@article {Nemser,
	title = {{Compilation of parameterized seismogenic sources in Iberia for the SHARE European-scale seismic source model.}},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {201{\textendash}204},
	keywords = {Database, Fault, Seismogenic, SHARE},
	isbn = {978-84-693-6088-0},
	url = {https://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/handle/10174/6247},
	author = {Nemser, E.S. and Garc{\'\i}a-Mayordomo, J. and Cabral, J. and Fonseca, J. and Mart{\'\i}nez-D{\'\i}az, J.J. and Alfaro Garc{\'\i}a, P. and {\`A}lvarez G{\'o}mez, J.A. and Atakan, K. and Aza{\~n}{\'o}n Hern{\'a}ndez, J.M. and Basili, R. and Besana-Ostman, G.M. and Bezzeghoud, M. and Borges, J.F. and Brum da Silveira, A. and Carlos Lopes, F. and Carvalho, J. and Dias, R.P. and Figueiredo, P.M. and Garc{\'\i}a Fern{\'a}ndez, M. and Giner Robles, J. and Gonzalez, A. and Gr{\`a}cia, E. and Gutierrez, F. and Insua Ar{\'e}valo, J.M. and Jim{\'e}nez, M.J. and Jim{\'e}nez-D{\'\i}az, A. and Lafuente Tom{\'a}s, P. and Lucha, P. and Madeira, J. and Martin Gonz{\'a}lez, F. and Masana, E. and Matias, L. and Moreno, X. and Ortu{\~n}o, M. and Perea, H. and P{\'e}rez L{\'o}pez, R. and Rodr{\'\i}guez Pascua, M.A. and Ruano, P. and Santanach, P. and Sanz de Galdeano, C. and Silva Barroso, P. and Silva, S. and Sim{\'o}n, J.L. and Terrinha, P. and Vilanova, S. and Villamor, P. and Wong, J.}
}
@conference {Urgeles2010,
	title = {{History of pore pressure build up and slope instability in mud-dominated sediments of Ursa Basin, Gulf of Mexico continental slope}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences - 4th International Symposium},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {179{\textendash}190},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	abstract = {The Ursa Basin, at \~{}1, 000 m depth on the Gulf of Mexico continental slope, contains numerous Mass Transport Deposits (MTDs) of Pleistocene to Holocene age. IODP Expedition 308 drilled three sites through several of these MTDs and encompassing sediments. Logs, sedimentological and geotechnical data were collected at these sites and are used in this study for input to basin numerical models. The objective of this investigation was to understand how sedimentation history, margin architecture and sediment properties couple to control pore pressure build-up and slope instability at Ursa. Measurements of porosity and stress state indicate that fluid overpressure is similar at the different sites (in the range of 0.5-0.7) despite elevated differences in sedimentation rates. Modeling results indicate that this results from pore pressure being transferred from regions of higher to lower overburden along an underlying more permeable unit: the Blue Unit. Overpressure started to develop at \~{}53 ka, which induced a significant decrease in FoS from 45ka, especially where overburden is lower. {\textcopyright} Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2010.},
	keywords = {Basin modeling, Pore pressure, Scientific drilling, Slope instability, Submarine landslides},
	isbn = {9789048130702},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79961172106\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Urgeles, R. and Locat, J. and Sawyer, D. E. and Flemings, P. B. and Dugan, B. and Binh, N. T T}
}
@article {Gracia2010,
	title = {{Holocene earthquake record offshore Portugal (SW Iberia): testing turbidite paleoseismology in a slow-convergence margin}},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {29},
	number = {9-10},
	year = {2010},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1156{\textendash}1172},
	abstract = {The SW margin of the Iberian Peninsula hosts the present-day boundary between the Eurasian and African Plates. Convergence (4-5 mm/yr) is accommodated through a wide deformation zone characterized by moderate magnitude seismic activity. This zone has also been the source of the most important seismic events in Western Europe, such as the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami and 1969 Horseshoe Earthquake. Despite efforts to identify active seismogenic structures in the Gulf of Cadiz in the last ten years, little is known about its paleoseismic history. The turbidite paleoseismology approach was applied for the first time in a low-rate convergent margin to determine the recurrence interval of large earthquake events that occurred in SW Iberia during the Holocene. Four sediment cores collected at strategically located sites offshore Portugal (i.e. Tagus Abyssal Plain, Infante Don Henrique Basin and Horseshoe Abyssal Plain) reveal that these deep-sea basins preserve a record of episodic deposition of turbidites. In the SW Iberian Margin excluding special climatic events, earthquakes are the most likely triggering mechanism for synchronous, widely-spaced distributed turbidites during the Holocene, when the sea level was relatively stable. Age correlation together with textural, mineralogical, physical properties and geochemical signatures of the new cores complemented by pre-existing multicores and gravity cores reveals a total of 7 widespread turbidite events for the Holocene. Precise dating of the most recent turbidite event (E1) based on 210Pb and 137Cs geochronology provides an age of AD 1971 {\textpm} 3. This age corresponds to a high-magnitude instrumental earthquake in the region: the 1969 Horseshoe Earthquake (Mw 8.0). Calibrated 14C ages of subsequent widespread turbidite events (E3 and E5) correlate with the dates of important historical earthquakes and paleotsunami deposits in the Gulf of Cadiz area, such as AD 1755 and 218 BC, respectively. If older synchronous events (E6, E8, and E10) with ages ranging from 4960-5510 yr BP to 8715-9015 yr BP are also taken into account, a great earthquake recurrence interval of about 1800 years is obtained for the Holocene. Our correlations suggest that the turbidite record may be considered as a proxy for paleoseismic activity in low-convergence rate margins, and a valuable complementary tool in earthquake and tsunami hazard assessment along the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.010},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77950629573\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Vizcaino, Alexis and Escutia, Carlota and Asioli, Alessandra and Rod{\'e}s, {\'A}ngel and Pall{\`a}s, Raimon and Garcia-Orellana, Jordi and Lebreiro, Susana and Goldfinger, Chris}
}
@article {Bernabeu2010,
	title = {{Simulating the influence of physicochemical parameters on subsurface oil on beaches: preliminary results.}},
	journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
	volume = {60},
	number = {8},
	year = {2010},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1170{\textendash}1174},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
	abstract = {Monitoring of sandy beaches after the Prestige oil spill revealed thick subsurface layers (up to 1m thick) of grey-coloured sand. These horizons were sometimes found under more than 3m of clean sand. Examination of the sand by electron microscopy confirmed that the colouring was due to oil-coated sand grains, and revealed a sequence of degradation of buried oil. Further analysis of the sand revealed high concentrations of hydrocarbon in the oil-coated sand and that the main biomarkers were indicative of biodegradation, even though the oil was buried. A set of experiments was designed to analyze the evolution of oil from tar balls to coatings. The results revealed that biodegradation is a secondary process in the changes that take place in the buried oil, and that water flow slows down the appearance of grey sand and that low salinity may hinder the oil degradation process.},
	keywords = {Bathing Beaches, Biodegradation, Chemical, Chemical Hazard Release, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Kinetics, Models, Petroleum, Petroleum: analysis, Petroleum: metabolism, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide: chemistry},
	issn = {1879-3363},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.04.001},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20451931},
	author = {Bernabeu, Ana M and Rey, D and Lago, A and Vilas, F}
}
@inbook {Mosher2010,
	title = {{Submarine mass movements and their consequences}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1{\textendash}8},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	isbn = {9789048130702},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903442067\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Mosher, D. C. and Moscardelli, L. and Shipp, R. C. and Chaytor, J. D. and Baxter, C. D P and Lee, H. J. and Urgeles, R.}
}
@article {Falivene2010,
	title = {{Synthetic seismic models from outcrop-derived reservoir-scale three-dimensional facies models: The Eocene Ainsa turbidite system (southern Pyrenees)}},
	journal = {AAPG Bulletin},
	volume = {94},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {317{\textendash}343},
	abstract = {This study uses one-dimensional convolution seismic models to better understand which features of slope turbidite systems can (or cannot) be observed on real seismic data, aiming to improve subsurface seismic interpretation. Synthetic seismic sections and cubes were built from reservoir-scale three-dimensional fades models of the outcropping Ainsa turbidite system. This turbidite system developed in a foredeep and wedge-top depositional setting within a slope system. The turbidite system consists of laterally and vertically stacked sandstone- and debrite-dominated channel fills, grading into heterolithic and mudstone units, with intercalations of slump-deformed mudstone-rich units. Typical petrophysical values for subsurface Cenozoic sediments were assumed for the seismic models, which are presented at 25-, 50-, and 75-Hz resolution. Seismic models enabled the comparison between architectural and faci{\`e}s distributions observed in the outcrops and the geological models to their possible seismic expression in the subsurface. Comparisons show how seismic expression degrades when seismic resolution decreases. By using models at different geological scales, the effects of each heterogeneity scale are identified. Precise delineation of the internal architecture and fades distribution within channel complexes is beyond the reach of all seismic frequendes. The position of channel complex tops and margins is uncertain because of thengradual character. Differentiating between sandstone- and debrite-filled channels is not straightforward, and bed-scale heterogendties within the sandstone-dominated channels are barely distinguishable in the seismic data. The net-to-gross predictive capability of root-mean-square amplitude extractions varies depending on the seismic frequency and unit thickness. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0149-1423},
	doi = {10.1306/08030908157},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77950302966\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Falivene, O. and Arbu{\'e}s, P. and Ledo, J. and Benjumea, B. and Mu{\~n}oz, J. A. and Fern{\'a}ndez, O. and Mart{\'\i}nez, S.}
}
@article {Munjiza2010,
	title = {{The Virtual Geoscience Workbench, VGW: Open Source tools for discontinuous systems}},
	journal = {Particuology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {100{\textendash}105},
	abstract = {In 1989 work began on merging finite and discrete elements. During 1990 algorithmic solutions for the new combined method were developed, together with a C-based implementation known as the Y code. In 2004 these developments and implementations were published as a textbook. Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) and Imperial College are currently engaged in a research project to make Y codes in both 2D and 3D available in Open Source format and with mainly geoscience problems in mind. The result is a set of Open Source tools for Geoscience (VGW), key components of which are summarised in this paper, together with illustrative range of simulation results. {\textcopyright} 2009 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences.},
	keywords = {Combined finite-discrete element, Geoscience, Modelling, Workbench},
	issn = {16742001},
	doi = {10.1016/j.partic.2009.04.008},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77949485463\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Munjiza, A. and XIANG, J. and Garcia, X. and Latham, J.P. and D{\textquoteright}Albano, G.G. Schiava and John, N.W.M.}
}
@article {TRIGO-RODRIGUEZ2009,
	title = {{The Cali meteorite fall: A new H/L ordinary chondrite}},
	journal = {Meteoritics \& Planetary Science},
	volume = {44},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {211{\textendash}220},
	abstract = {The fall of the Cali meteorite took place on 6 July 2007 at 16 h 32 {\textpm} 1 min local time (21 h 32 {\textpm} 1 min UTC). A daylight fireball was witnessed by hundreds of people in the Cauca Valley in Colombia from which 10 meteorite samples with a total mass of 478 g were recovered near 3{\textdegree}24.3{\textquoteright}N, 76{\textdegree}30.6{\textquoteright}W. The fireball trajectory and radiant have been reconstructed with moderate accuracy. From the computed radiant and from considering various plausible velocities, we obtained a range of orbital solutions that suggest that the Cali progenitor meteoroid probably originated in the main asteroid belt. Based on petrography, mineral chemistry, magnetic susceptibility, fhermoluminescence, and bulk chemistry, the Cali meteorite is classified as an H/L4 ordinary chondrite breccia.},
	issn = {10869379},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.tb00729.x},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-65949113395\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {TRIGO-RODR{\'I}GUEZ, Josep M. and LLORCA, Jordi and RUBIN, Alan E. and GROSSMAN, Jeffrey N. and SEARS, Derek W. G. and NARANJO, Mateo and BRETZIUS, Stacy and TAPIA, Mar and SEP{\'U}LVEDA, Marino H. GUAR{\'I}N}
}
@article {GARCIA2009,
	title = {{A clustered overlapping sphere algorithm to represent real particles in discrete element modelling}},
	journal = {G{\'e}otechnique},
	volume = {59},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {779{\textendash}784},
	abstract = {An algorithm is presented for representing irregular particles as clusters of overlapping spheres, for use within discrete element method (DEM) simulations of particulates. The algorithm is sufficiently fast to be implemented on desktop computers. Although volume and moment of inertia comparisons of resulting clusters with prototypical geometric data show that in the region of 50 to 100 spheres may be needed to represent a particle, actual DEM simulations of an unstable pile of simulated particles show that only 10 or so spheres may be sufficient to capture the mechanics of the system.},
	keywords = {Numerical modelling},
	issn = {0016-8505},
	doi = {10.1680/geot.8.T.037},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77949702642\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Garcia, X. and XIANG, J. and LATHAM, J.-P. and HARRISON, J.P.}
}
@article {Latham2009,
	title = {{Coupled FEMDEM/Fluids for coastal engineers with special reference to armour stability and breakage}},
	journal = {Geomechanics and Geoengineering},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {39{\textendash}53},
	abstract = {Sea-level rise and increased storminess present huge challenges to coastal engineers worldwide. The seaward slope of many breakwaters and shoreline defence structures consists of thousands of interlocking units of concrete or rock making up a massive granular defence against wave attack. The units are placed freely to form an armour layer which is intended to both dissipate wave energy and remain structurally stable. Design guidance on the mass and shape of these units is based on empirical equations derived from Froude scale physical model tests. The two main failure modes for concrete armour layers are displacement (hydraulic instability) and breakage (structural instability) which are strongly coupled. Breakage mechanisms cannot all be faithfully reproduced under scaled physical models. Fundamental understanding of the forces governing such wave-structure interaction remains poor and unit breakages continue to baffle the designers of concrete armour units. This paper illustrates a range of DEM and FEMDEM methods being developed to model the granular solid skeleton of freely packed brittle units. Such discrete element methods are increasingly being used by engineers for solids modelling. They are especially powerful when coupled with a CFD model which can resolve ocean wave dynamics. The aim is to describe a framework for coupled modelling technologies applicable to coastal engineering problems. Preliminary simulation test cases, still at proof of concept stage, but based on a wealth of validation studies are presented. Thus, we report a snap-shot of progress towards a future where designers combine multi-physics numerical technology with knowledge from scalled physical models for a better understanding of wave energy turbulence, block movement, and internal stresses within armour units.},
	keywords = {Breakwaters, Concrete armour units, Discrete element method, Finite element method, Fluid coupling, Ware-structure interaction},
	issn = {1748-6025},
	doi = {10.1080/17486020902767362},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-68149172944\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Latham, John-Paul and Mindel, Julian and Xiang, Jiansheng and Guises, Romain and Garcia, Xavier and Pain, Chris and Gorman, Gerard and Piggott, Matthew and Munjiza, Antonio}
}
@article {Yang2009,
	title = {{Geotechnical Properties of River-fed Sediments Compared with Glacier-fed Sediments}},
	journal = {Marine Georesources \& Geotechnology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {4},
	year = {2009},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {281{\textendash}295},
	abstract = {This paper discusses the influence of sedimentary environment and geological setting on geotechnical and physical properties of resulting sedimentary deposits. For this study, two different geological settings were considered, one is a river-fed and the other is a glacier-fed sedimentary environment. For both sedimentary environments, various geotechnical properties were considered and compared. These include plasticity, activity, compressibility, undrained shear strength and sensitivity. Results indicate that physical and geotechnical properties of sediments deposited in these two settings are significantly different. These differences are then interpreted in terms of the various mechanisms involved in submarine slope failure initiation in river-fed versus glacier-fed sedimentary environments. {\textcopyright} Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
	keywords = {Activity, Compressibility, Plasticity, Sedimentary environment, Sensitivity, Shear strength, Submarine landslides},
	issn = {1064-119X},
	doi = {10.1080/10641190903025214},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70449408082\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Yang, S. L. and Solheim, A. and Forsberg, C. F. and Kvalstad, T. and Feng, X. L. and Li, A. L. and Urgeles, R.}
}
@article {Buske2009,
	title = {{Imaging and inversion {\textemdash} Introduction}},
	journal = {GEOPHYSICS},
	volume = {74},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {WCA1{\textendash}WCA4},
	issn = {0016-8033},
	doi = {10.1190/1.3256872},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84861190134\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Buske, Stefan and Lecomte, Isabelle and Nemeth, Tamas and Operto, St{\'e}phane and Sallares, Valenti}
}
@article {Palomeras2009,
	title = {{Nature of the lithosphere across the Variscan orogen of SW Iberia: Dense wide-angle seismic reflection data}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {114},
	number = {B2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {B02302},
	abstract = {Two wide-angle seismic transects have been acquired across the SW Iberian Massif. They crossed three major geological zones (South Portuguese Zone, Ossa-Morena Zone, and Central Iberian Zone), with their tectonic contacts and the Pyrite Belt being of greatest interest. A total of 690 digital seismic recording instruments (650 Texans and 40 Reftek 3 component units) from the IRIS-PASSCAL Instrument Pool were used. The transects (A and B) are each approximately 300 km long and consist of 3 and 6 shot points, respectively, with an approximately 60-km shot point interval. The charge sizes range from 1000 kg at the edges to 500 kg at the center. These recently acquired experiments were designed to provide velocity constraints on the lithosphere and to complement the previously acquired normal incidence seismic profile IBERSEIS. Both data sets are part of the SW Iberia project, which was developed within the EUROPROBE program and designed to address fundamental questions about the nature and dynamics of the Variscan lithosphere. The acquisition parameters provide closely spaced wide-angle seismic images of the lithosphere beneath SW Iberia. In transect A, the station spacing was on average 400 m, while along transect B, the receiver spacing was approximately 150 m. Because of this close trace spacing, the lateral continuity of the seismic arrivals is greatly improved. Frequency analysis revealed that the recorded events feature relatively low frequencies (6-25 Hz). After processing, the shot records show high-amplitude and well-defined arrivals. The interpreted PmP arrival, located at approximately 11 s (normal incidence traveltime), is characterized by high amplitude and relatively low frequency (6-12 Hz). A well-defined Pn arrival appears at offsets beyond 120 km. At far offsets greater than 180 km, an upper mantle reflection is observed. Furthermore, within the upper crust, the shots records feature a relatively high-velocity arrival, located at 4-5-s normal incidence traveltime. The analysis of this arrival indicates that it probably corresponds to the top of the Iberian Reflective Body identified in the IBERSEIS deep seismic profile. The velocity models obtained by forward modeling show a complex crust, especially in the middle crust. The velocity models are the most detailed ones that have been produced in the area and contain a large amount of new features that are relevant to the understanding of the composition of the crust and upper mantle beneath the zone. The velocity depth functions derived from the velocity models have higher middle crustal velocities than the average in other continental areas. A comparison between laboratory seismic velocity measurements and the velocities of the models was carried out in order to estimate the crustal and the upper mantle composition. Results indicate that the high middle crust velocities correspond to rocks of a mafic composition. The combined data set reveals new aspects related to the lithospheric evolution of this transpressive orogen and allows us to attempt an interpretative cross section of the upper lithosphere in SW Iberia. {\textcopyright} 2009.},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2007JB005050},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-66149180585\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Palomeras, I. and Carbonell, R. and Flecha, I. and Simancas, F. and Ayarza, P. and Matas, J. and Mart{\'\i}nez Poyatos, D. and Azor, A. and Gonz{\'a}lez Lodeiro, F. and P{\'e}rez-Esta{\'u}n, A.}
}
@article {Garcia2009,
	title = {{Numerical study of the effects of particle shape and polydispersity on permeability}},
	journal = {Physical Review E},
	volume = {80},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {021304},
	abstract = {We study through numerical simulations the dependence of the hydraulic permeability of granular materials on the particle shape and the grain size distribution. Several models of sand are constructed by simulating the settling under gravity of the grains; the friction coefficient is varied to construct packs of different porosity. The size distribution and shapes of the grains mimic real sands. Fluid flow is simulated in the resulting packs using a finite element method and the permeability of the packs is successfully compared with available experimental data. Packs of nonspherical particles are less permeable than sphere packs of the same porosity. Our results indicate that the details of grain shape and size distribution have only a small effect on the permeabilty of the systems studied. {\textcopyright} 2009 The American Physical Society.},
	issn = {1539-3755},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.80.021304},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349241904\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Garcia, Xavier and Akanji, Lateef and Blunt, Martin and Matthai, Stephan and Latham, John}
}
@article {Lebreiro2009,
	title = {{Sediment instability on the Portuguese continental margin under abrupt glacial climate changes (last 60kyr)}},
	journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
	volume = {28},
	number = {27-28},
	year = {2009},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {3211{\textendash}3223},
	abstract = {It is well established that orbital scale sea-level changes generated larger transport of sediments into the deep-sea during the last glacial maximum than the Holocene. However, the response of sedimentary processes to abrupt millennial-scale climate variability is rather unknown. Frequency of distal turbidites and amounts of advected detrital carbonate are estimated off the Lisbon-Set{\'u}bal canyons (core MD03-2698, at 4602 mwd), within a chronostratigraphy based on radiometric ages, oxygen isotopes and paleomagnetic key global anomalies. We found that: 1) higher frequency of turbidites concurred with Northern Hemisphere coldest temperatures (Greenland Stadials [GS], including Heinrich [H] events). But more than that, an escalating frequency of turbidites starts with the onset of global sea-level rising (and warming in Antarctica) and culminates during H events, at the time when rising is still in its early-mid stage, and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is re-starting. This short time span coincides with maximum gradients of ocean surface and bottom temperatures between GS and Antarctic warmings (Antarctic Isotope Maximum; AIM 17, 14, 12, 8, 4, 2) and rapid sea-level rises. 2) Trigger of turbidity currents is not the only sedimentary process responding to millennial variability; land-detrital carbonate (with a very negative bulk $δ$18O signature) enters the deep-sea by density-driven slope lateral advection, accordingly during GS. 3) Possible mechanisms to create slope instability on the Portuguese continental margin are sea-level variations as small as 20 m, and slope friction by rapid deep and intermediate re-accommodation of water masses circulation. 4) Common forcing mechanisms appear to drive slope instability at both millennial and orbital scales. {\textcopyright} 2009.},
	issn = {02773791},
	doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.08.007},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70549094210\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Lebreiro, S.M. and Voelker, A.H.L. and Vizcaino, A. and Abrantes, F.G. and Alt-Epping, U. and Jung, S. and Thouveny, N. and Gr{\`a}cia, E.}
}
@book {VonHuene2009a,
	title = {{Subduction Zone Geodynamics}},
	series = {Frontiers in Earth Sciences},
	year = {2009},
	month = {oct},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	abstract = {21 pages, 8 figures, 1 table},
	keywords = {Accretion, Convergent margins, Subduction erosion},
	isbn = {978-3-540-87971-8},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-87974-9},
	url = {http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/83778 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/83778},
	author = {von Huene, Roland and Ranero, Cesar R. and Scholl, Dave W.},
	editor = {Lallemand, Serge and Funiciello, Francesca}
}
@article {Gutscher2009,
	title = {{Tectonic shortening and gravitational spreading in the Gulf of Cadiz accretionary wedge: Observations from multi-beam bathymetry and seismic profiling}},
	journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
	volume = {26},
	number = {5},
	year = {2009},
	month = {may},
	pages = {647{\textendash}659},
	abstract = {The Gulf of Cadiz lies astride the complex plate boundary between Africa and Eurasia west of the Betic-Rif mountain belt. We report on the results of recent bathymetric swathmapping and multi-channel seismic surveys carried out here. The seafloor is marked by contrasting morphological provinces, spanning the SW Iberian and NW Moroccan continental margins, abyssal plains and an elongate, arcuate, accretionary wedge. A wide variety of tectonic and gravitational processes appear to have shaped these structures. Active compressional deformation of the wedge is suggested by folding and thrusting of the frontal sedimentary layers as well as basal duplexing in deeper internal units. There is evidence for simultaneous gravitational spreading occurring upslope. The very shallow mean surface and basal slopes of the accretionary wedge (1{\textdegree} each) indicate a very weak decollement layer, geometrically similar to the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex. Locally steep slopes (up to 10{\textdegree}) indicate strongly focused, active deformation and potential gravitational instabilities. The unusual surface morphology of the upper accretionary wedge includes "raft-tectonics" type fissures and abundant sub-circular depressions. Dissolution and/or diapiric processes are proposed to be involved in the formation of these depressions. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Accretionary wedge, Decollement, Gravitational spreading, Iberia, Morocco},
	issn = {02648172},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.11.008},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67349128699\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Gutscher, Marc-Andr{\'e} and Dominguez, Stephane and Westbrook, Graham K. and Gente, Pascal and Babonneau, Nathalie and Mulder, Thierry and Gonthier, Eliane and Bartolom{\'e}, Rafael and Luis, Joaquim and Rosas, Filipe and Terrinha, Pedro}
}
@article {LoLacono2008,
	title = {{Acoustic detection of deep coral mounds}},
	journal = {Sea Technology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {8},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {35{\textendash}38},
	issn = {00933651},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-52349109268\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Lo Lacono, Claudio and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Da{\~n}obeitia, Juan Jos{\'e}}
}
@article {Latham2008a,
	title = {{Modelling of massive particulates for breakwater engineering using coupled FEMDEM and CFD}},
	journal = {Particuology},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {dec},
	pages = {572{\textendash}583},
	abstract = {The seaward slope of many breakwaters consists of thousands of interlocking units of rock or concrete comprising a massive granular system of large elements each weighing tens of tonnes. The dumped quarry materials in the core are protected by progressively coarser particulates. The outer armour layer of freely placed units is intended to both dissipate wave energy and remain structurally stable as strong flows are drawn in and out of the particulate core. Design guidance on the mass and shape of these units is based on empirical equations derived from scaled physical model tests. The main failure mode for armour layers exposed to severe storms is hydraulic instability where the armour units of concrete or rock are subjected to uplift and drag forces which can in turn lead to rocking, displacement and collisions sufficient to cause breakage of units. Recently invented armour unit designs making up such granular layered system owe much of their success to the desirable emergent properties of interlock and porosity and how these combine with individual unit structural strength and inertial mass. Fundamental understanding of the forces governing such wave-structure interaction remains poor. We use discrete element and combined finite-discrete element methods to model the granular solid skeleton of randomly packed units coupled to a CFD code which resolves the wave dynamics through an interface tracking technique. The CFD code exploits several methods including a compressive advection scheme, node movement, and general mesh optimization. We provide the engineering context and report progress towards the numerical modelling of instability in these massive granular systems. {\textcopyright} 2008 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences.},
	keywords = {Armour units, Breakwater, DEM, Modelling, Wave-structure interaction},
	issn = {16742001},
	doi = {10.1016/j.partic.2008.07.010},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-57049161892\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Latham, John-Paul and Munjiza, Antonio and Mindel, Julian and Xiang, Jiansheng and Guises, Romain and Garcia, Xavier and Pain, Chris and Gorman, Gerard and Piggott, Matthew}
}
@article {Hernandez-Molina2008,
	title = {{Recent sedimentary processes in the Prestige site area (Galicia Bank, NW Iberian Margin) evidenced by high-resolution marine geophysical methods}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {249},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {21{\textendash}45},
	abstract = {An echo-character analysis of the oil tanker Prestige wreck area was undertaken using high-resolution marine geophysical methods (TOPAS and airgun seismic-reflection profiles, multibeam echosounder and TOBI sidescan sonar). Integration and comparison of the results using all these methods is presented given some practical applications for indirect near-surface and seafloor interpretations. Ten different echo types were identified and grouped into four main classes: I) distinct; II) indistinct; III) irregular and IV) hyperbolic. Echo-character distribution enabled us to determine recent sedimentary processes in the area. Two major depositional systems can be found through the identification of these sedimentary processes: a) a slope depositional system (SDS) located in the eastern and central area, where mass-movement processes are dominant and b) a turbiditic Main Channel depositional system (TDS) located in the western area where channel-related processes are dominant. Both of these interact over the half-graben structure of the southwestern sector of the Galicia Bank, where the Prestige wreck is located. Within the SDS, erosive and depositional mass-movement processes characterised a complex depositional system. Erosive processes occur on the fault scarp, channels head, inter-lobe channels and distal part of the sedimentary lobes. Moreover, depositional processes take place on the top of the fault scarp, sedimentary wedges, sedimentary lobes, and on the west flank of the Main Channel. Both depositional systems interact, but the SDS should be more active during fault-scarp reactivation periods, through relief rejuvenation and new exposed deposits. Microearthquake activity would favour the available materials, being weathered, eroded and transported by mass-movements. In such a situation, the TDS acts as the main collector of eroded sediment derived from the fault scarp throughout the SDS being responsible for its evacuation into the Iberian Abyssal Plain. However, outside of fault reactivation periods, the SDS is less active (such as during the present situation). {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {echo-character analysis, Galicia Bank, high-resolution seismic profiles, sedimentary process, swath bathymetry, TOBI sidescan sonar},
	issn = {00253227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2007.09.011},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-39549115454\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Hern{\'a}ndez-Molina, F.J. and Llave, E. and Ercilla, G. and Maestro, A. and Medialdea, T. and Ferrin, A. and Somoza, L. and Gr{\`a}cia, E. and Masson, D.G. and Garc{\'\i}a, M. and Vizcaino, A. and Le{\'o}n, R.}
}
@article {Latham2008,
	title = {{Three-dimensional particle shape acquisition and use of shape library for DEM and FEM/DEM simulation}},
	journal = {Minerals Engineering},
	volume = {21},
	number = {11},
	year = {2008},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {797{\textendash}805},
	abstract = {Numerical simulation that will capture the complex behaviour of rock fragment systems, e.g., in mining and civil engineering, requires both the computational mechanics capability to model particle interactions between complex shapes and an associated means to represent the kind of arbitrary or angular geometry relevant to problems involving rock fragments. This paper is concerned less with the modelling and more with the representation. Here, we focus on representation geared to {\textquoteright}soft contact{\textquoteright} modelling using either combined finite-discrete element (FEM/DEM) methods, or non-spherical DEM methods such as multi-sphere approximations of irregular geometry. 3D laser ranging (LADAR) is used to capture astonishingly realistic rock aggregate geometries. We report on the work flow procedures to generate computationally meshed virtual particles for modelling. The design of a shape library and a suggested procedure for selecting virtual particles for input to FEM/DEM or DEM models is discussed together with the use of inertia moments for shape descriptors. Use of the shape library for shape descriptor analysis is also illustrated. DEM simulations of packing using irregular particles from the shape library are presented. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Discrete element modelling, Gravity concentration, Mineral processing, Simulation, Sorting methods},
	issn = {08926875},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mineng.2008.05.015},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-50149086948\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Latham, John-Paul and Munjiza, Antonio and Garcia, Xavier and Xiang, Jiansheng and Guises, Romain}
}
@article {Larrasoana2007,
	title = {{Diagenetic formation of greigite and pyrrhotite in gas hydrate marine sedimentary systems}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {261},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {350{\textendash}366},
	abstract = {Mineral magnetic results and electron microscope observations from gas hydrate-bearing marine sediments cored at southern Hydrate Ridge during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 204 (Sites 1244 to 1252, Cascadia Margin, offshore Oregon) demonstrate that authigenic greigite and pyrrhotite formed as a byproduct of microbially-mediated diagenetic reactions in the sulphate, the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), and the methanic/gas hydrate zones. Geochemical conditions favourable for formation and preservation of greigite and pyrrhotite appear to be a limited source of sulphide, whether it derives from microbially-driven sulphate reduction in the sulphate zone, in the AOM zone or in deep sediments undergoing AOM, so that pyritization reactions are not driven to completion. Our results indicate that rock magnetic identification of greigite and pyrrhotite should be useful for detecting ancient gas hydrate systems in the marine sedimentary record, because it can enable rapid screening of ancient sediments for potential horizons where methane and disseminated gas hydrates might have occurred. Formation of authigenic greigite and pyrrhotite at different depths within the gas hydrate stability zone also implies that the magnetization of the host sediments will have been acquired at variable times, which is likely to compromise paleomagnetic results from greigite- and pyrrhotite-bearing marine sediments. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {anaerobic oxidation of methane, diagenesis, gas hydrate, greigite, iron sulphide, marine sediments, methane, mineral magnetism, pyrrhotite, siderite, sulphate reduction},
	issn = {0012821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.032},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34548475090\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Larrasoa{\~n}a, Juan C. and Roberts, Andrew P. and Musgrave, Robert J. and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Pi{\~n}ero, Elena and Vega, Marta and Mart{\'\i}nez-Ruiz, Francisca}
}
@article {Loreto2007,
	title = {{Evidence for fluid circulation, overpressure and tectonic style along the Southern Chilean margin}},
	journal = {Tectonophysics},
	volume = {429},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {183{\textendash}200},
	abstract = {The southern Chilean convergent margin, between 50{\textdegree} and 57{\textdegree} S, is shaped by the interaction of the three main plates: Antarctic, South America and Scotia. North of 53{\textdegree} S, the convergence between Antarctic and South America plates is close to orthogonal to the continental margin strike. Here, the deformational style of the accretionary prism is mainly characterized by seaward-verging thrusts and locally by normal faults and fractures, a very limited lateral extension of prism, a very shallow dip (\~{} 6{\textdegree}) d{\'e}collement, and subduction of a thick and relatively undeformed trench sedimentary sequence. South of 53{\textdegree} S, convergence is oblique to the margin, locally, the trench sediments are proto-deformed by double vergence thrusting and the front of the prism grows through landward-verging thrusting. The d{\'e}collement is sub-horizontal and deep, involving most of the sediment over the oceanic crust in the accretionary process, building a comparatively wide and thicker prism. A Bottom Simulating Reflector is present across the whole prism to the abyssal plan, suggesting the presence of gas in the sediments. The analysis of P- and S-wave velocity reflectivity sections, derived by amplitude versus offset technique (AVO), detailed velocity information and the velocity-derived sediment porosity have been integrated with the structural analysis of the accretionary prism of two selected pre-stack depth migrated seismic lines, aiming to explain the relation between fluid circulation and tectonics. Accretion along double vergence thrust faults may be associated with the presence of overpressured fluid, which decreases the effective shear stress coefficient along the main d{\'e}collement and within the sediments, and modify the rheolgical properties of rocks. The presence of an adequate drainage network, represented by interconnected faults and fractures affecting the entire sedimentary sequence, can favour the escape of pore fluid toward the sea bottom, while, less permeable and not faulted sediments can favour fluid accumulations. Gravitational and tectonic dewatering, and stratigraphy could control the consolidation and the pore overpressure of sediments involved in subduction along the trench. The results of our analysis suggest the existence of a feedback between tectonic style and fluid circulation. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Accretion, AVO, Back-thrust, Dewatering, Overpressure, subduction},
	issn = {00401951},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tecto.2006.09.016},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33845522651\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Loreto, Maria Filomena and Tinivella, Umberta and Ranero, Cesar R.}
}
@article {Pinero2007,
	title = {{Gas hydrate disturbance fabrics of southern Hydrate Ridge sediments (ODP Leg 204): Relationship with texture and physical properties}},
	journal = {Geo-Marine Letters},
	volume = {27},
	number = {2-4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {279{\textendash}288},
	abstract = {Soupy and mousse-like fabrics are disturbance sedimentary features that result from the dissociation of gas hydrate, a process that releases water. During the core retrieval process, soupy and mousse-like fabrics are produced in the gas hydrate-bearing sediments due to changes in pressure and temperature conditions. Therefore, the identification of soupy and mousse-like fabrics can be used as a proxy for the presence of gas hydrate in addition to other evidence, such as pore water freshening or anomalously cool temperature. We present here grain-size results, mineralogical composition and magnetic susceptibility data of soupy and mousse-like samples from the southern Hydrate Ridge (Cascadia accretionary complex) acquired during Leg 204 of the Ocean Drilling Program. In order to study the relationship between sedimentary texture and the presence of gas hydrates, we have compared these results with the main textural and compositional data available from the same area. Most of the disturbed analyzed samples from the summit and the western flank of southern Hydrate Ridge show a mean grain size coarser than the average mean grain size of the hemipelagic samples from the same area. The depositional features of the sediments are not recognised due to disturbance. However, their granulometric statistical parameters and distribution curves, and magnetic susceptibility logs indicate that they correspond to a turbidite facies. These results suggest that gas hydrates in the southern Hydrate Ridge could form preferentially in coarser grain-size layers that could act as conduits feeding gas from below the BSR. Two samples from the uppermost metres near the seafloor at the summit of the southern Hydrate Ridge show a finer mean grain-size value than the average of hemipelagic samples. They were located where the highest amount of gas hydrates was detected, suggesting that in this area the availability of methane gas was high enough to generate gas hydrates, even within low-permeability layers. The mineralogical composition of the soupy and mousse-like sediments does not show any specific characteristic with respect to the other samples from the southern Hydrate Ridge. {\textcopyright} Springer-Verlag 2007.},
	issn = {0276-0460},
	doi = {10.1007/s00367-007-0077-z},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34250188050\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Pi{\~n}ero, Elena and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Mart{\'\i}nez-Ruiz, Francisca and Larrasoa{\~n}a, Juan Cruz and Vizcaino, Alexis and Ercilla, Gemma}
}
@conference {Urgeles2007,
	title = {{Scientific Ocean Drilling Behind the Assessment of Geo-hazards from Submarine Slides}},
	booktitle = {Eos},
	volume = {88},
	number = {17},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {192},
	issn = {00963941},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249827905\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Urgeles, Roger and Camerlenghi, Angelo and Ercilla, Gemma and Anselmetti, Flavio and Br{\"u}ckmann, Warner and Canals, Miquel and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Locat, Jacques and Krastel, Sebastian and Solheim, Anders}
}
