@article {Moeller2013,
	title = {{Early-stage rifting of the northern Tyrrhenian Sea Basin: Results from a combined wide-angle and multichannel seismic study}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {8},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {3032{\textendash}3052},
	abstract = {Extension of the continental lithosphere leads to the formation of rift basins and ultimately may create passive continental margins. The mechanisms that operate during the early stage of crustal extension are still intensely debated. We present the results from coincident multichannel seismic and wide-angle seismic profiles that transect across the northern Tyrrhenian Sea Basin. The profiles cross the Corsica Basin (France) to the Latium Margin (Italy) where the early-rift stage of the basin is well preserved. We found two domains, each with a distinct tectonic style, heat flow and crustal thickness. One domain is the Corsica Basin in the west that formed before the main rift phase of the northern Tyrrhenian Sea opening (\~{}8-4 Ma). The second domain is rifted continental crust characterized by tilted blocks and half-graben structures in the central region and at the Latium Margin. These two domains are separated by a deep (\~{}10 km) sedimentary complex of the eastern portion of the Corsica Basin. Travel-time tomography of wide-angle seismic data reveals the crustal architecture and a subhorizontal 15-17 {\textpm} 1 km deep Moho discontinuity under the basin. To estimate the amount of horizontal extension we have identified the pre-, syn-, and post-tectonic sedimentary units and calculated the relative displacement of faults. We found that major faults initiated at angles of 45{\textdegree}-50{\textdegree} and that the rifted domain is horizontally stretched by a factor of $\beta$ \~{} 1.3 (\~{}8-10 mm/a). The crust has been thinned from \~{}24 to \~{}17 km indicating a similar amount of extension (\~{}30\%). The transect represents one of the best imaged early rifts and implies that the formation of crustal-scale detachments, or long-lived low-angle normal faults, is not a general feature that controls the rift initiation of continental crust. Other young rift basins, like the Gulf of Corinth, the Suez Rift or Lake Baikal, display features resembling the northern Tyrrhenian Basin, suggesting that half-graben formations and distributed homogeneous crustal thinning are a common feature during rift initiation. {\textcopyright}2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	keywords = {Basin formation, Continental extension, Multichannel seismic data, Rifting, Tyrrhenian Sea, Wide-Angle data},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20180},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84885100133\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Moeller, S. and Grevemeyer, I. and Ranero, C. R. and Berndt, C. and Klaeschen, D. and Sallar{\`e}s, V. and Zitellini, N. and de Franco, R.}
}
@booklet {Martinez-Loriente2013a,
	title = {{Pre-stack depth migration seismic imaging of the Coral Patch Ridge and adjacent Horseshoe and Seine Abyssal Plains (Gulf of Cadiz): tectonic implications}},
	year = {2013},
	month = {apr},
	publisher = {Universidad de Oviedo},
	abstract = {Peer Reviewed},
	url = {http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/75234},
	author = {Martinez-Loriente, S. and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Bartolom{\'e}, Rafael and Klaeschen, D. and Vizcaino, A. and Sallares, Valenti and Da{\~n}obeitia, Juan Jos{\'e} and Zitellini, N.}
}
@article {Bartolome2012,
	title = {{Evidence for active strike-slip faulting along the Eurasia-Africa convergence zone: Implications for seismic hazard in the southwest Iberian margin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {6},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {495{\textendash}498},
	abstract = {New seismic imaging and seismotectonic data from the southwest Iberian margin, the site of the present-day boundary between the European and African plates, reveal that active strike slip is occurring along two prominent lineaments that have recently been mapped using multibeam bathymetry. Multichannel seismic and subbottom profiler images acquired across the lineaments show seafloor displacements and active faulting to depths of at least 10 km and of a minimum length of 150 km. Seismic moment tensors show predominantly WNW-ESE rightlateral strike-slip motion, i.e., oblique to the direction of plate convergence. Estimates of earthquake source depths close to the fault planes indicate upper mantle (i.e., depths of 40-60 km) seismogenesis, implying the presence of old, thick, and brittle lithosphere. The estimated fault seismic parameters indicate that the faults are capable of generating great magnitude (Mw >= 8.0) earthquakes. Such large events raise the concomitant possibility of slope failures that have the potential to trigger tsunamis. Consequently, our findings identify an unreported earthquake and tsunami hazard for the Iberian and north African coastal areas. {\textcopyright} 2012 Geological Society of America.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G33107.1},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84862119131\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Bartolome, R. and Gr{\`a}cia, E. and Stich, D. and Martinez-Loriente, S. and Klaeschen, D. and de Lis Mancilla, F. and Lo Iacono, C. and Danobeitia, J. J. and Zitellini, N.}
}
@article {Buffett2010,
	title = {{Stochastic heterogeneity mapping around a mediterranean salt lens}},
	journal = {Ocean Science},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {423{\textendash}429},
	abstract = {We present the first application of Stochastic Heterogeneity Mapping based on the band-limited von K{\'a}rm{\'a}n function to a seismic reflection stack of a Mediterranean water eddy (meddy), a large salt lens of Mediterranean water. This process extracts two stochastic parameters directly from the reflectivity field of the seismic data: the Hurst number, which ranges from 0 to 1, and the correlation length (scale length). Lower Hurst numbers represent a richer range of high wavenumbers and correspond to a broader range of heterogeneity in reflection events. The Hurst number estimate for the top of the meddy (0.39) compares well with recent theoretical work, which required values between 0.25 and 0.5 to model internal wave surfaces in open ocean conditions based on simulating a Garrett-Munk spectrum (GM76) slope of \&-2. The scale lengths obtained do not fit as well to seismic reflection events as those used in other studies to model internal waves. We suggest two explanations for this discrepancy: (1) due to the fact that the stochastic parameters are derived from the reflectivity field rather than the impedance field the estimated scale lengths may be underestimated, as has been reported; and (2) because the meddy seismic image is a two-dimensional slice of a complex and dynamic three-dimensional object, the derived scale lengths are biased to the direction of flow. Nonetheless, varying stochastic parameters, which correspond to different spectral slopes in the Garrett-Munk spectrum (horizontal wavenumber spectrum), can provide an estimate of different internal wave scales from seismic data alone. We hence introduce Stochastic Heterogeneity Mapping as a novel tool in physical oceanography.},
	issn = {18120784},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77950468840\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Buffett, G. G. and Hurich, C. A. and Vsemirnova, E. A. and Hobbs, R. W. and Sallar{\`e}s, V. and Carbonell, R. and Klaeschen, D. and Biescas, B.}
}
@article {Hobbs2009,
	title = {{Effect of seismic source bandwidth on reflection sections to image water structure}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {36},
	number = {21},
	year = {2009},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {L00D08},
	abstract = {The seismic reflection profile is the convolution of the seismic acquisition impulse response and the target impedance contrasts. In the ocean, these contrasts are mainly determined by the widths and gradients of the temperature transitions between the different water masses. Hence seismic oceanography profiles are sensitive to the frequency bandwidth of the seismic acquisition system. We tested a novel seismic source that allowed us to simultaneously profile the ocean with differing impulse responses. We show that frequencies \~{}20 Hz are best to delineate large impedance contrasts that occur over a vertical scale of several tens of meters whereas frequencies \~{}80 Hz image the boundaries of layers of around 10 m. We demonstrate a towed acquisition system that can operate from a research vessel to give a bandwidth from 10 to 120 Hz that could, if required, be modified to provide frequencies up to 200 Hz. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GL040215},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-72049094260\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Hobbs, R. W. and Klaeschen, D. and Sallar{\`e}s, V. and Vsemirnova, E. and Papenberg, C.}
}
@article {Buffett2009,
	title = {{Seismic reflection along the path of the Mediterranean Undercurrent}},
	journal = {Continental Shelf Research},
	volume = {29},
	number = {15},
	year = {2009},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1848{\textendash}1860},
	abstract = {Seismic reflection profiling is applied to the study of large scale physical oceanographic processes in the Gulf of C{\'a}diz and western Iberian coast, coinciding with the path of the Mediterranean Undercurrent. The multi-channel seismic reflection method provides clear images of thermohaline fine structure with a horizontal resolution approximately two orders of magnitude higher than CTD casting. The seismic data are compared with co-located historical oceanographic data. Three seismic reflectivity zones are identified: North Atlantic Central Water, Mediterranean Water and North Atlantic Deep Water. Seismic evidence for the path of the Mediterranean Undercurrent is found in the near-slope reflectivity patterns, with rising reflectors between about 500 and 1500 m. However, the core of the undercurrent is largely transparent. Seismic images show that central and, particularly, intermediate Mediterranean Waters have fine structure coherent over horizontal distances of several tens of kilometers. However, the intensity of the reflectors, and their horizontal coherence, decreases downstream. This change in seismic reflectivity is probably the result of diminished vertical thermohaline contrasts between adjacent water masses, so that double-diffusion processes become unable to sustain temperature and salinity staircases. Comparison of root-mean-square seismic amplitudes with temperature and salinity differences between the Mediterranean Undercurrent and the overlying central waters suggests a causal relationship between observed thermohaline fine structure and true seismic amplitudes. We estimate that, within this intermediate water stratum, impedance contrasts are mainly controlled by sound speed contrasts (a factor between 3.5 and 10 times larger than density contrasts), which are mainly controlled by temperature contrasts (a factor between 1.5 and 5 times larger than salinity contrasts). {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Amplitude, Entrainment, Mediterranean Undercurrent, Mixing, Salinity, Seismic oceanography, Temperature, thermohaline fine structure},
	issn = {02784343},
	doi = {10.1016/j.csr.2009.05.017},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-69249209739\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Buffett, G.G. and Biescas, B. and Pelegr{\'\i}, J.L. and Mach{\'\i}n, F. and Sallar{\`e}s, V. and Carbonell, R. and Klaeschen, D. and Hobbs, R.}
}
