@article {Biescas2016,
	title = {{Synthetic Modeling for an Acoustic Exploration System for Physical Oceanography}},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {191{\textendash}200},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	abstract = {AbstractMarine multichannel seismic (MCS) data, used to obtain structural reflection images of the earth?s subsurface, can also be used in physical oceanography exploration. This method provides vertical and lateral resolutions of O(10?100) m, covering the existing observational gap in oceanic exploration. All MCS data used so far in physical oceanography studies have been acquired using conventional seismic instrumentation originally designed for geological exploration. This work presents the proof of concept of an alternative MCS system that is better adapted to physical oceanography and has two goals: 1) to have an environmentally low-impact acoustic source to minimize any potential disturbance to marine life and 2) to be light and portable, thus being installed on midsize oceanographic vessels. The synthetic experiments simulate the main variables of the source, shooting, and streamer involved in the MCS technique. The proposed system utilizes a 5-s-long exponential chirp source of 208 dB relative to 1 ?Pa at 1 m with a frequency content of 20?100 Hz and a relatively short 500-m-long streamer with 100 channels. This study exemplifies through numerical simulations that the 5-s-long chirp source can reduce the peak of the pressure signal by 26 dB with respect to equivalent air gun?based sources by spreading the energy in time, greatly reducing the impact to marine life. Additionally, the proposed system could be transported and installed in midsize oceanographic vessels, opening new horizons in acoustic oceanography research.},
	issn = {0739-0572},
	doi = {10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0137.1},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0137.1},
	author = {Biescas, Berta and Ruddick, Barry and Kormann, Jean and Sallares, Valenti and Nedimovi{\'c}, Mladen R and Carniel, Sandro}
}
@article {Bangs201567,
	title = {{Fluid accumulation along the Costa Rica subduction thrust and development of the seismogenic zone}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth},
	volume = {120},
	number = {1},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {67{\textendash}86},
	abstract = {In 2011 we acquired an 11 {\texttimes} 55 km, 3-D seismic reflection volume across the Costa Rica margin, NW of the Osa Peninsula, to accurately image the subduction thrust in 3-D, to examine fault zone properties, and to infer the hydrogeology that controls fluid accumulation along the thrust. Following processing to remove water column multiples, noise, and acquisition artifacts, we constructed a 3-D seismic velocity model for Kirchhoff prestack depth migration imaging. Images of the plate boundary thrust show high-reflection amplitudes underneath the middle to lower slope that we attribute to fluid-rich, poorly drained portions of the subduction thrust. At \~{} 5 km subseafloor, beneath the upper slope, the plate interface abruptly becomes weakly reflective, which we interpret as a transition to a well-drained subduction thrust. Mineral dehydration during diagenesis may also diminish at 5 km subseafloor to reduce fluid production and contribute to the downdip change from high to low amplitude. There is also a layered fabric and systems of both thrust and normal faults within the overriding plate that form a "plumbing system." Faults commonly have fault plane reflections and are presumably fluid charged. The faults and layered fabric form three compartmentalized hydrogeologic zones: (1) a shallow NE dipping zone beneath the slope, (2) a steeply SW dipping zone beneath the shelf slope break, and (3) a NE dipping zone beneath the shelf. The more direct pathway in the middle zone drains the subduction thrust more efficiently and contributes to reduced fluid pressure, elevates effective stress, and creates greater potential for unstable coseismic slip. {\textcopyright}2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	doi = {10.1002/2014JB011265},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84924020398\&partnerID=40\&md5=d49719196f3f40ccbd90cc13a525e689},
	author = {Bangs, N.L.a and McIntosh, K.D.a and Silver, E.A.b and Kluesner, J.W.b and Ranero, C.R.c}
}
@article {Hensen01042015,
	title = {{Strike-slip faults mediate the rise of crustal-derived fluids and mud volcanism in the deep sea}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {43},
	number = {4},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {339{\textendash}342},
	abstract = {We report on newly discovered mud volcanoes located at \~{}4500 m water depth \~{}90 km west of the deformation front of the accretionary wedge of the Gulf of Cadiz, and thus outside of their typical geotectonic environment. Seismic data suggest that fluid flow is mediated by a >400-km-long strike-slip fault marking the transcurrent plate boundary between Africa and Eurasia. Geochemical data (Cl, B, Sr, 87Sr/86Sr, $δ$18O, $δ$D) reveal that fluids originate in oceanic crust older than 140 Ma. On their rise to the surface, these fluids receive strong geochemical signals from recrystallization of Upper Jurassic carbonates and clay-mineral dehydration in younger terrigeneous units. At present, reports of mud volcanoes in similar deep-sea settings are rare, but given that the large area of transform-type plate boundaries has been barely investigated, such pathways of fluid discharge may provide an important, yet unappreciated link between the deeply buried oceanic crust and the deep ocean.},
	doi = {10.1130/G36359.1},
	url = {http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/43/4/339.abstract},
	author = {Hensen, Christian and Scholz, Florian and Nuzzo, Marianne and Valadares, Vasco and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Terrinha, Pedro and Liebetrau, Volker and Kaul, Norbert and Silva, Sonia and Mart{\'\i}nez-Loriente, Sara and Bartolom{\'e}, Rafael and Pi{\~n}ero, Elena and Magalh{\~a}es, Vitor H and Schmidt, Mark and Weise, Stephan M and Cunha, Marina and Hilario, Ana and Perea, Hector and Rovelli, Lorenzo and Lackschewitz, Klas}
}
@article {Mel{\'e}ndez2015158,
	title = {{TOMO3D: 3-D joint refraction and reflection traveltime tomography parallel code for active-source seismic data-synthetic test}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {203},
	number = {1},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {158{\textendash}174},
	abstract = {We present a new 3-D traveltime tomography code (TOMO3D) for the modelling of active-source seismic data that uses the arrival times of both refracted and reflected seismic phases to derive the velocity distribution and the geometry of reflecting boundaries in the subsurface. This code is based on its popular 2-D version TOMO2D from which it inherited the methods to solve the forward and inverse problems. The traveltime calculations are done using a hybrid ray-tracing technique combining the graph and bending methods. The LSQR algorithm is used to perform the iterative regularized inversion to improve the initial velocity and depth models. In order to cope with an increased computational demand due to the incorporation of the third dimension, the forward problem solver, which takes most of the run time (\~{}90 per cent in the test presented here), has been parallelized with a combination of multi-processing and message passing interface standards. This parallelization distributes the ray-tracing and traveltime calculations among available computational resources. The code{\textquoteright}s performance is illustrated with a realistic synthetic example, including a checkerboard anomaly and two reflectors, which simulates the geometry of a subduction zone. The code is designed to invert for a single reflector at a time. A data-driven layer-stripping strategy is proposed for cases involving multiple reflectors, and it is tested for the successive inversion of the two reflectors. Layers are bound by consecutive reflectors, and an initial velocity model for each inversion step incorporates the results from previous steps. This strategy poses simpler inversion problems at each step, allowing the recovery of strong velocity discontinuities that would otherwise be smoothened. {\textcopyright} The Authors 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.},
	doi = {10.1093/gji/ggv292},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84942105766\&partnerID=40\&md5=95ac8480fd67102b8f5322381f9ff8ef},
	author = {Mel{\'e}ndez, A.a and Korenaga, J.b and Sallar{\`e}s, V.a and Miniussi, A.c and Ranero, C.R.d}
}
@article {Papadopoulos2014,
	title = {{Historical and pre-historical tsunamis in the Mediterranean and its connected seas: Geological signatures, generation mechanisms and coastal impacts}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {354},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {81{\textendash}109},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {The origin of tsunamis in the Mediterranean region and its connected seas, including the Marmara Sea, the Black Sea and the SW Iberian Margin in the NE Atlantic Ocean, is reviewed within the geological and seismotectonic settings of the region. A variety of historical documentary sources combined with evidence from onshore and offshore geological signatures, geomorphological imprints, observations from selected coastal archeological sites, as well as instrumental records, eyewitnesses accounts and pictorial material, clearly indicate that tsunami sources both seismic and non-seismic (e.g. volcanism, landslides) can be found in all the seas of the region with a variable tsunamigenic potential. Local, regional and basin-wide tsunamis have been documented. An improved map of 22 main tsunamigenic zones and their relative potential for tsunami generation is presented. From west to east, the most important tsunamigenic zones are situated offshore SW Iberia, in the North Algerian margin, in the Tyrrhenian Calabria and Messina Straits, in the western and eastern segments of the Hellenic Arc, in the Corinth Gulf of Central Greece, in the Levantine Sea offshore the Dead Sea Transform Fault and in the eastern side of the Marmara Sea. Important historical examples, including destructive tsunamis associated with large earthquakes, are presented. The mean recurrence of strong tsunamis in the several basins varies greatly but the highest event frequency (1/96. years) is observed in the east Mediterranean basin. For most of the historical events it is still unclear which was the causative seismic source and if the tsunami was caused by co-seismic slip, by earthquake-triggered submarine landslides or by a combination of both mechanisms. In pre-historical times, submarine volcanic eruptions (i.e. caldera collapse, massive pyroclastic flows, volcanogenic landslides) and large submarine landslides caused important tsunamis although little is known about their source mechanisms. We conclude that further investigation of the tsunami generation mechanisms is of primary importance in the Mediterranean region. Inputs from tsunami numerical modeling as well as from empirical discrimination criteria for characterizing tsunami sources have been proved particularly effective for recent, well-documented, aseismic landslide tsunamis (e.g., 1963 Corinth Gulf, 1979 C{\^O}te d{\textquoteright}Azur, 1999 Izmit Bay, 2002 Stromboli volcano). Since the tsunami generation mechanisms are controlled by a variety of factors, and given that the knowledge of past tsunami activity is the cornerstone for undertaking tsunami risk mitigation action, future interdisciplinary research efforts on past tsunamis are needed. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {Geological signatures, Historical tsunamis, Mediterranean region, Tsunami impact, Tsunami mechanisms},
	issn = {00253227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2014.04.014},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84901663041\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Papadopoulos, Gerassimos A. and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Urgeles, Roger and Sallares, Valenti and De Martini, Paolo Marco and Pantosti, Daniela and Gonz{\'a}lez, Mauricio and Yalciner, Ahmet C. and Mascle, Jean and Sakellariou, Dimitris and Salamon, Amos and Tinti, Stefano and Karastathis, Vassilis and Fokaefs, Anna and Camerlenghi, Angelo and Novikova, Tatyana and Papageorgiou, Antonia}
}
@booklet {HensenC.ScholzF.MarianneN.ValadaresV.GraciaE.TerrinhaP.LiebetrauV.KaulN.SilvaS.Martinez-lorienteS.BartolomeR.PineroE.MagalhaesV.H.SchmidtM.WeiseS.M.CunhaM.HilarioA.Pereah.RovelliL.2014,
	title = {{Strike-slip Faults Mediate the Rise of Basement-Derived Fluids and Mud Volcanism in the Deep Sea}},
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Geology},
	author = {Hensen, C. and Scholz, F. and Marianne, N. and Valadares, V. and Gr{\`a}cia, E. and Terrinha, P. and Liebetrau, V. and Kaul, N. and Silva, S. and Martinez-Loriente, S. and Bartolome, R. and Pi{\~n}ero, E. and Mag{\~a}lhaes, V.H. and Schmidt, M. and S.M., Weise and Cunha, M. and Hilario, A. and Perea, H. and Rovelli, L. K.}
}
@inbook {Torbahn2014a,
	title = {{Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences},
	series = {Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2014},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {85{\textendash}94},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing},
	address = {Cham},
	abstract = {6th International Symposium on Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences (ISSMMTC), 23-25 September 2013, Kiel, Germany.{\textendash} 9 pages},
	keywords = {Discrete element method, failure, mechanism, pore volume change, sediment fabric, sediment strength},
	isbn = {978-3-319-00971-1},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-00972-8},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-00972-8},
	author = {Torbahn, Lutz and Huhn, Katrin},
	editor = {Krastel, Sebastian and Behrmann, Jan-Hinrich and V{\"o}lker, David and Stipp, Michael and Berndt, Christian and Urgeles, Roger and Chaytor, Jason and Huhn, Katrin and Strasser, Michael and Harbitz, Carl Bonnevie}
}
@article {Martinez-Loriente2013,
	title = {{Active deformation in old oceanic lithosphere and significance for earthquake hazard: Seismic imaging of the Coral Patch Ridge area and neighboring abyssal plains (SW Iberian Margin)}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {2206{\textendash}2231},
	abstract = {Recently acquired high-resolution multichannel seismic profiles together with bathymetric and sub-bottom profiler data from the external part of the Gulf of Cadiz (Iberia-Africa plate boundary) reveal active deformation involving old (Mesozoic) oceanic lithosphere. This area is located 180 km offshore the SW Iberian Peninsula and embraces the prominent NE-SW trending Coral Patch Ridge, and part of the surrounding deep Horseshoe and Seine abyssal plains. E-W trending dextral strike-slip faults showing surface deformation of flower-like structures predominate in the Horseshoe Abyssal Plain, whereas NE-SW trending compressive structures prevail in the Coral Patch Ridge and Seine Hills. Although the Coral Patch Ridge region is characterized by subdued seismic activity, the area is not free from seismic hazard. Most of the newly mapped faults correspond to active blind thrusts and strike-slip faults that are able to generate large magnitude earthquakes (Mw 7.2-8.4). This may represent a significant earthquake and tsunami hazard that has been overlooked so far. Key Points New active structures have been mapped in the Coral Patch Ridge area The newly mapped faults are able to generate large magnitude earthquakes (Mw>7) These new structures may represent a significant earthquake and tsunami hazard {\textcopyright}2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	keywords = {blind thrusts, fault-bend folds, Iberia-Africa boundary, multichannel seismics, seismic hazard assessment, strike-slip faults},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20173},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883575301\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Mart{\'\i}nez-Loriente, Sara and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Bartolom{\'e}, Rafael and Sallares, Valenti and Connors, Christopher and Perea, Hector and Lo Iacono, Claudio and Klaeschen, Dirk and Terrinha, Pedro and Da{\~n}obeitia, Juan Jos{\'e} and Zitellini, Nevio}
}
@conference {Buffett2013,
	title = {{Characterization of thermohaline staircases in the Tyrrhenian Sea using stochastic heterogeneity mapping}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {005013{\textendash}005013},
	abstract = {Processed multi-channel seismic (MCS) data acquired in the Tyrrhenian Sea in April-May 2010 provide images of oceanic thermohaline staircases. Using Stochastic Heterogeneity Mapping we characterize spatial reflector variations. This method is based on the band-limited von K{\'a}rm{\'a}n function. For scale sizes smaller than the correlation length, the von K{\'a}rm{\'a}n model describes a power law (fractal) process. We are most interested in the extraction of the exponent in the power law (The Hurst exponent) because it allows us to characterize the richness of scales present in the data set. Lower Hurst exponents represent a richer range of wavenumbers and therefore correspond to a broader range of heterogeneity in the observed seismic reflection events. The Hurst exponent is related to the fractal dimension and to the slope in the Garrett-Munk wavenumber spectrum. We interpret a richer range of heterogeneity as indicative of a greater degree of turbulent mixing. Data are presented alongside benchmark calibrations of synthetic seismic data generated from random fractal surfaces. We observe an oscillation in the Hurst exponent spectra as a function of frequency that is interpreted to represent a preferential coupling of energy across different spatial scales. {\textcopyright} 2013 Acoustical Society of America.},
	issn = {1939800X},
	doi = {10.1121/1.4799057},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84878961126\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Buffett, Grant G. and Hobbs, Richard W. and Vsemirnova, Ekaterina A. and Klaeschen, Dirk and Hurich, Charles A. and Ranero, César and Sallarès, Valentí}
}
@article {Moeller2013,
	title = {{Early-stage rifting of the northern Tyrrhenian Sea Basin: Results from a combined wide-angle and multichannel seismic study}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {8},
	year = {2013},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {3032{\textendash}3052},
	abstract = {Extension of the continental lithosphere leads to the formation of rift basins and ultimately may create passive continental margins. The mechanisms that operate during the early stage of crustal extension are still intensely debated. We present the results from coincident multichannel seismic and wide-angle seismic profiles that transect across the northern Tyrrhenian Sea Basin. The profiles cross the Corsica Basin (France) to the Latium Margin (Italy) where the early-rift stage of the basin is well preserved. We found two domains, each with a distinct tectonic style, heat flow and crustal thickness. One domain is the Corsica Basin in the west that formed before the main rift phase of the northern Tyrrhenian Sea opening (\~{}8-4 Ma). The second domain is rifted continental crust characterized by tilted blocks and half-graben structures in the central region and at the Latium Margin. These two domains are separated by a deep (\~{}10 km) sedimentary complex of the eastern portion of the Corsica Basin. Travel-time tomography of wide-angle seismic data reveals the crustal architecture and a subhorizontal 15-17 {\textpm} 1 km deep Moho discontinuity under the basin. To estimate the amount of horizontal extension we have identified the pre-, syn-, and post-tectonic sedimentary units and calculated the relative displacement of faults. We found that major faults initiated at angles of 45{\textdegree}-50{\textdegree} and that the rifted domain is horizontally stretched by a factor of $\beta$ \~{} 1.3 (\~{}8-10 mm/a). The crust has been thinned from \~{}24 to \~{}17 km indicating a similar amount of extension (\~{}30\%). The transect represents one of the best imaged early rifts and implies that the formation of crustal-scale detachments, or long-lived low-angle normal faults, is not a general feature that controls the rift initiation of continental crust. Other young rift basins, like the Gulf of Corinth, the Suez Rift or Lake Baikal, display features resembling the northern Tyrrhenian Basin, suggesting that half-graben formations and distributed homogeneous crustal thinning are a common feature during rift initiation. {\textcopyright}2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	keywords = {Basin formation, Continental extension, Multichannel seismic data, Rifting, Tyrrhenian Sea, Wide-Angle data},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20180},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84885100133\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Moeller, S. and Grevemeyer, I. and Ranero, C. R. and Berndt, C. and Klaeschen, D. and Sallar{\`e}s, V. and Zitellini, N. and de Franco, R.}
}
@article {Kluesner2013,
	title = {{High density of structurally controlled, shallow to deep water fluid seep indicators imaged offshore Costa Rica}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {519{\textendash}539},
	abstract = {We used high-resolution mapping to document 161 sites of potential fluid seepage on the shelf and slope regions where no geophysical seep indicators had been reported. Identified potential seabed seepage sites show both high-backscatter anomalies and bathymetric expressions, such as pockmarks, mounds, and ridges. Almost all identified seabed features are associated with bright spots and flat spots beneath, as mapped within the 3-D seismic grid. We obtained EM122 multi-beam data using closely spaced receiver beams and 4-5 times overlapping multi-beam swaths, which greatly improved the sounding density and geologic resolvability of the data. At least one location shows an acoustic plume in the water column on a 3.5 kHz profile, and this plume is located along a fault trace and above surface and subsurface seepage indicators. Fluid indicators are largely associated with folds and faults within the sediment section, and many of the faults continue into and offset the reflective basement. A dense pattern of normal faults is seen on the outer shelf in the multi-beam bathymetry, backscatter, and 3-D seismic data, and the majority of fluid seepage indicators lie along mapped fault traces. Furthermore, linear mounds, ridges, and pockmark chains are found on the upper, middle, and lower slope regions. The arcuate shape of the shelf edge, projection of the Quepos Ridge, and high density of potential seep sites suggest that this area may be a zone of former seamount/ridge subduction. These results demonstrate a much greater potential seep density and distribution than previously reported across the Costa Rican margin. {\textcopyright}2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
	keywords = {Costa Rica, fluid flow, fluid seepage, Marine Geology and Geophysics, subduction zones},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1002/ggge.20058},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84879641763\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Kluesner, Jared W. and Silver, Eli A. and Bangs, Nathan L. and McIntosh, Kirk D. and Gibson, James and Orange, Daniel and Ranero, Cesar R. and von Huene, Roland}
}
@article {Mel{\'e}ndez2013243,
	title = {{Origin of water layer multiple phases with anomalously high amplitude in near-seafloor wide-angle seismic recordings}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {196},
	number = {1},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {243{\textendash}252},
	abstract = {Water layer multiple seismic phases are recorded at ocean bottom seismometers and hydrophones as arrivals that correspond to the reflection of the primary phases at the sea-free air interface. In regions of low to moderate seabed relief, the shape of these phases mimics that of the primary phases with a traveltime delay that depends on the water layer thickness at the receiver location. Given their longer travel paths, multiple phases should have smaller amplitudes than their corresponding primary phases. However, depending on the geological context it can be relatively common to observe the opposite, which results in the identification of the multiple phases at longer offsets than the primary events. In this paper, we examine the origin of this apparently paradoxical phenomenon by analysing the combined effect of the major factors potentially involved: the source frequency content, the subsurface velocity distribution, the receiver-seafloor distance, the geometrical spreading and attenuation of sound waves and the ambient noise level.We use synthetic modelling to show that for certain combinations of these factors, the interference between the multiple and its reflection at the seafloor is constructive and has a higher amplitude than the primary wave. Our analysis indicates that in the most favourable cases the phases resulting from this interference can be observed at offsets some tens of kilometres longer than their corresponding primary phases, and thus they can provide useful information for velocity modelling. {\textcopyright} The Authors 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.},
	keywords = {ambient noise, Controlled source seismology, Controlled-source seismologies, Earthquake effects, Geometrical spread, hydrophone, Numerical approximations and analysis, numerical method, ocea, Seismology, Site effects, Wave propagation},
	issn = {0956540X},
	doi = {10.1093/gji/ggt391},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84890885715\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1 http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84890885715\&partnerID=40\&md5=a3729b5c20fafb9373a2a82c94b34990},
	author = {Mel{\'e}ndez, A.a and Sallar{\`e}s, V.a and Ranero, C.R.b R. and Kormann, J.c and Mel{\'e}ndez, A. and Sallar{\`e}s, V.}
}
@booklet {Martinez-Loriente2013a,
	title = {{Pre-stack depth migration seismic imaging of the Coral Patch Ridge and adjacent Horseshoe and Seine Abyssal Plains (Gulf of Cadiz): tectonic implications}},
	year = {2013},
	month = {apr},
	publisher = {Universidad de Oviedo},
	abstract = {Peer Reviewed},
	url = {http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/75234},
	author = {Martinez-Loriente, S. and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Bartolom{\'e}, Rafael and Klaeschen, D. and Vizcaino, A. and Sallares, Valenti and Da{\~n}obeitia, Juan Jos{\'e} and Zitellini, N.}
}
@inbook {Urgeles2012,
	title = {{Distinguishing sediment bedforms from sediment deformation in prodeltas of the Mediterranean Sea.}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movement and Their Consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {233{\textendash}244},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {Most Mediterranean prodeltas show undulated sediments on the foresets of their Holocene wedges. These features have been described all along the Mediterranean and interpreted as either soft sediment deformation or, more recently, as sediment bedforms. We present a detailed analysis of these features using ultrahighresolution seismic and bathymetric data, as well as geotechnical information and hydrodynamic time series and hydrographic transects. We show that the characteristics of the sediment undulations (morphology and configuration of the reflections down section and between adjacent undulations) are incompatible with a genesis by sediment deformation. {\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.},
	keywords = {Prodeltas, Sediment bedforms, slope failure, Undulated sediments},
	isbn = {978-94-007-2161-6},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904091924\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Urgeles, Roger and Cattaneo, Antonio and Puig, Pere and Liquete, Camino and De Mol, Ben and Sultan, Nabil and Trincardi, Fabio},
	editor = {Yamada, Yasuhiro and Kawamura, Kiichiro and Ikehara, Ken and Ogawa, Yujiro and Urgeles, Roger and Mosher, David and Chaytor, Jason and Strasser, Michael}
}
@article {Bartolome2012,
	title = {{Evidence for active strike-slip faulting along the Eurasia-Africa convergence zone: Implications for seismic hazard in the southwest Iberian margin}},
	journal = {Geology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {6},
	year = {2012},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {495{\textendash}498},
	abstract = {New seismic imaging and seismotectonic data from the southwest Iberian margin, the site of the present-day boundary between the European and African plates, reveal that active strike slip is occurring along two prominent lineaments that have recently been mapped using multibeam bathymetry. Multichannel seismic and subbottom profiler images acquired across the lineaments show seafloor displacements and active faulting to depths of at least 10 km and of a minimum length of 150 km. Seismic moment tensors show predominantly WNW-ESE rightlateral strike-slip motion, i.e., oblique to the direction of plate convergence. Estimates of earthquake source depths close to the fault planes indicate upper mantle (i.e., depths of 40-60 km) seismogenesis, implying the presence of old, thick, and brittle lithosphere. The estimated fault seismic parameters indicate that the faults are capable of generating great magnitude (Mw >= 8.0) earthquakes. Such large events raise the concomitant possibility of slope failures that have the potential to trigger tsunamis. Consequently, our findings identify an unreported earthquake and tsunami hazard for the Iberian and north African coastal areas. {\textcopyright} 2012 Geological Society of America.},
	issn = {0091-7613},
	doi = {10.1130/G33107.1},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84862119131\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Bartolome, R. and Gr{\`a}cia, E. and Stich, D. and Martinez-Loriente, S. and Klaeschen, D. and de Lis Mancilla, F. and Lo Iacono, C. and Danobeitia, J. J. and Zitellini, N.}
}
@article {Szpak2012,
	title = {{Geophysical and geochemical survey of a large marine pockmark on the Malin Shelf, Ireland}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {Marine pockmarks are a specific type of seabed geological setting resembling craters or pits and are considered seabed surface expressions of fluid flow in the subsurface. A large composite pockmark on the Malin Shelf, off the northern coast of Ireland was surveyed and ground truthed to assess its activity and investigate fluid related processes in the subsurface. Geophysical (including acoustic and electromagnetic) data confirmed the subsurface presence of signatures typical of fluids within the sediment. Shallow seismic profiling revealed a large shallow gas pocket and typical gas related indicators such as acoustic blanking and enhanced reflectors present underneath and around the large pockmark. Sulphate profiles indicate that gas from the shallow reservoir has been migrating upwards, at least recently. However, there are no chimney structures observed in the sub-bottom data and the migration pathways are not apparent. Electromagnetic data show slightly elevated electrical conductivity on the edges of the pockmarks and a drop below regional levels within the confines of the pockmark, suggesting changes in physical properties of the sediment. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments were employed to characterize the organic component of sediments from selected depths. Very strong microbial signatures were evident in all NMR spectra but microbes outside the pockmark appear to be much more active than inside. These observations coincide with spikes in conductivity and the lateral gas bearing body suggesting that there is an increase in microbial activity and biomass when gas is present. Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	keywords = {electromagnetic, Malin Shelf, microbial, NMR, organic matter, pockmark},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003787},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84856247401\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Szpak, M. T. and Monteys, X. and O{\textquoteright}Reilly, S. and Simpson, A. J. and Garcia, X. and Evans, R. L. and Allen, C. C. R. and McNally, D. J. and Courtier-Murias, D. and Kelleher, B. P.}
}
@inbook {Rebesco2012,
	title = {{One million years of climatic generated landslide events on the northwestern Barents Sea continental margin.}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movement and Their Consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {747{\textendash}756},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {Relatively recent, shallow landslides are imaged both on swath bathymetry, sub-bottom and multichannel seismic reflection (MCS) data from the upper-middle continental slope on the Storfjorden and Kveithola Trough Mouth Fans, NW Barents Sea margin. Giant paleo-landslide deposits, detected only by MCS profiles, are characterized by chaotic acoustic units up to about 250 m thick on the lower continental slope. The thickest, oldest landslide, dated between 1 and 0.8 Ma, took place just after the large-scale intensification of glaciation in the Barents Sea. The apparent spatial coincidence of landslides and channels with the boundary between the two fan systems, that are generated due to huge quantities of sediments transported to the continental slope by paleo-ice streams, suggests a common controlling climatic process for their development. Most probably the slides are related to the abundance of basal meltwater beneath the ice sheet, which in addition to determining ice stream motion and lubrication also influences the behavior of mass wasting processes. {\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.},
	keywords = {Continental slope, NW barents sea margin, Sealloor morphology, Seismic reflection, Submarine landslide},
	isbn = {978-94-007-2161-6},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904105361\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Rebesco, Michele and Pedrosa, Maria T. and Camerlenghi, Angelo and Lucchi, Renata G. and Sauli, Chiara and De Mol, Ben and Madrussani, Gianni and Urgeles, Roger and Rossi, Giuliana and B{\"o}hm, Gualtiero},
	editor = {Yamada, Yasuhiro and Kawamura, Kiichiro and Ikehara, Ken and Ogawa, Yujiro and Urgeles, Roger and Mosher, David and Chaytor, Jason and Strasser, Michael}
}
@inbook {Harders2012,
	title = {{An overview of the role of long-term tectonics and incoming plate structure on segmentation of submarine mass wasting phenomena along the Middle America Trench.}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences - 5th International Symposium},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {391{\textendash}402},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {We study mass wasting along the Middle America Trench (MAT), a subduction zone dominated by tectonic erosion, using a comprehensive data set of seafloor relief. We integrate previous studies of long- Term tectonic processes to analyze how they influence the evolution of the slope structure and precondition the continental slope for mass wasting. We have used the distribution of an inventory of 147 slope failure structures along the MAT to discuss their relation to subduction erosion. We interpret that preconditioning of the slope by long- Term tectonics, interacts in a shorter- Term scale with features on the under- Thrusting oceanic plate to modulate the abundance and types of mass wasting phenomena. The complex origin of the incoming oceanic plate has produced abrupt lateral changes in plate age, crustal thickness, relief, and response to bending deformation at the trench, leading to its partitioning into six segments. We found that the continental-slope failure style and abundance are partitioned into six segments that spatially match the ocean plate segments. {\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.},
	keywords = {Convergent margin, Subduction erosion, Submarine landslide},
	isbn = {978-94-007-2161-6},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904112373\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Harders, Rieka and Ranero, Cesar R. and Weinrebe, Wilhelm},
	editor = {Yamada, Yasuhiro and Kawamura, Kiichiro and Ikehara, Ken and Ogawa, Yujiro and Urgeles, Roger and Mosher, David and Chaytor, Jason and Strasser, Michael}
}
@inbook {Lucchi2012,
	title = {{Recent submarine landslides on the continental slope of Storfjorden and Kveithola Trough-Mouth Fans (north west Barents Sea)}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, 34, Springer, Dordrecht (The Netherlands)},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {735{\textendash}745},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {Up to 12 submarine landslides retain a morphological evidence as concave amphitheater-like depressions of various sizes on the middle and upper slope of the Storfjorden and Kveithola Trough-Mouth Fans (TMFs), NW Barents Sea. The largest of them show lateral scarps 35-40 m high that reach the continental shelf edge and cover an area of at least 1,120 km2. Submarine landslides are translational, with headwall and laterals scarps clearly cut into Last Glacial Maximum debris flows deposits. The largest landslides seem to be rooted at the base of a terrigenous/hemipelagic sedimentary unit inferred to be of Middle Weichselian age (Marine Isotopic Stage 3). Stratigraphic, lithological and geotechnical observations suggest that the rapid deposition of a thick sequence of fine-grained, high water content interlaminate plumites is the most important controlling factors in the generation of submarine landslides on the southern Storfjorden and Kveithola TMFs. {\textcopyright} Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.},
	keywords = {Barents Sea, Debris flow, Ice stream, Kveithola, Storfjorden, Submarine landslide, Trough-mouth fans},
	isbn = {978-94-007-2161-6},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904104155\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Lucchi, Renata G. and Pedrosa, Maria T. and Camerlenghi, Angelo and Urgeles, Roger and De Mol, Ben and Rebesco, Michele},
	editor = {Yamada, Yasuhiro and Kawamura, Kiichiro and Ikehara, Ken and Ogawa, Yujiro and Urgeles, Roger and Mosher, David and Chaytor, Jason and Strasser, Michael}
}
@book {YamadaY.KawamuraK.IkeharaK.OgawaY.UrgelesR.MosherD.Chaytor2012,
	title = {{Submarine Mass Movement and Their Consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research}},
	year = {2012},
	isbn = {978-94-007-2161-6},
	url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/417/bok\%253A978-94-007-2162-3.pdf?auth66=1423826628\_566a545ac7b53078aef1bac73bad361e\&ext=.pdf},
	author = {Yamada, Y. and Kawamura, K. and Ikehara, K. and Ogawa, Y. and Urgeles, R. and Mosher, D. and Chaytor, J. and M., Strasser}
}
@inbook {Yamada2012,
	title = {{Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences: An introduction.}},
	booktitle = {Submarine Mass Movement and Their Consequences, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1{\textendash}12},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	organization = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	isbn = {978-94-007-2161-6},
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903753314\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Yamada, Yasuhiro and Kawamura, Kiichiro and Ikehara, Ken and Ogawa, Yujiro and Urgeles, Roger and Mosher, David and Chaytor, Jason and Strasser, Michael},
	editor = {Yamada, Yasuhiro and Kawamura, Kiichiro and Ikehara, Ken and Ogawa, Yujiro and Urgeles, Roger and Mosher, David and Chaytor, Jason and Strasser, Michael}
}
@booklet {Goldfinger,
	title = {{Turbidite Event History{\textemdash}Methods and Implications for Holocene Paleoseismicity of the Cascadia Subduction Zone}},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {U. S. Geological Survey},
	abstract = {Appendices. {\textendash} 170 pages, 64 figures, 13 tables.},
	url = {http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/66386},
	author = {Goldfinger, Chris and Nelson, C. Hans and Morey, Ann E. and Johnson, Joel E. and Patton, Jason and Karabanov, Eugene and Guti{\'e}rrez-Pastor, Julia and Eriksson, Andrew T. and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Dunhill, Gita and Enkin, Randolph J. and Dallimore, Audrey and Vallier, Tracy}
}
@article {Geersen2011,
	title = {{Active tectonics of the South Chilean marine fore arc (35{\textdegree}S-40{\textdegree}S)}},
	journal = {Tectonics},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {The South Chilean marine fore arc (35{\textdegree}S-40{\textdegree}S) is separated into four tectonic segments, Concepci{\'o}n North, Concepci{\'o}n South, Nahuelbuta, and Tolten (from north to south). These are each characterized by their individual tectonic geomorphology and reflect different ways of mechanical and kinematic interaction of the convergent Nazca and South American plates. Splay faults that cut through continental framework rock are seismically imaged in both Concepci{\'o}n segments and the Tolten Segment. Additionally, the Concepci{\'o}n South Segment exhibits prominent upper plate normal faults. Normal faults apparently relate to uplift caused by sediment underthrusting at depth. This has led to oversteepening and gravitational collapse of the marine fore arc. There is also evidence for sediment underthrusting and basal accretion to the overriding plate in the Tolten Segment. There, uplift of the continental slope has created a landward inclined seafloor over a latitudinal distance of 50 km. In the Nahuelbuta Segment transpressive upper plate faults, aligned oblique to the direction of plate motion, control the seafloor morphology. Based on a unique acoustic data set including >90\% of bathymetric coverage of the continental slope we are able to reveal an along-strike heterogeneity of a complexly deformed marine fore arc which had escaped attention in previous studies that only considered the structure along transects normal to the plate margin. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	issn = {02787407},
	doi = {10.1029/2010TC002777},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79958808106\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Geersen, Jacob and Behrmann, Jan H. and V{\"o}lker, David and Krastel, Sebastian and Ranero, Cesar R. and Diaz-Naveas, Juan and Weinrebe, Wilhelm}
}
@article {Kormann2011,
	title = {{Application of acoustic full waveform inversion to retrieve high-resolution temperature and salinity profiles from synthetic seismic data}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {116},
	number = {C11},
	year = {2011},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {C11039},
	abstract = {Recent works show that multichannel seismic (MCS) systems are able to provide detailed information on the oceans{\textquoteright} fine structure. The aim of this paper is to analyze whether 1-D full waveform inversion algorithms are suitable to recover the extremely weak acoustic impedance contrasts associated to the oceans{\textquoteright} fine structure, as well as their potential to image meso-scale objects such as meddies. We limited our analysis to synthetic, noise-free data, in order to identify some methodological issues related to this approach under idealistic conditions (e.g., 1-D wave propagation, noise-free data, known source wavelet). We first discuss the influence of the starting model in the context of the multi-scale strategy that we have implemented. Then we show that it is possible to retrieve not only sound speed but also salinity and temperature contrasts within reasonable bounds from the seismic data using Neural Network relationships trained with regional oceanographic data sets. Potentially, the vertical resolution of the obtained models, which depends on the maximum frequency inverted, is of the order of 5-10 m, whereas the root mean square error of the inverted properties is shown to be \~{}0.5 m/s for sound speed, 0.1C for temperature, and 0.06 for salinity. To conclude this study, we have inverted synthetic data simulated along an oceanographic transect acquired during the EU-funded Geophysical Oceanography (GO) project. The results demonstrate the applicability of the method for synthetic data, as well as its potential to define oceanographic features along 2-D transects at full ocean depth with excellent lateral resolution. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2011JC007216},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-82355181440\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Kormann, J. and Biescas, B. and Korta, N. and De La Puente, J. and Sallar{\`e}s, V.}
}
@article {Dannowski2011,
	title = {{Crustal structure of the propagating TAMMAR ridge segment on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 21.5{\textdegree}N}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	number = {7},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {Active ridge propagation frequently occurs along spreading ridges and profoundly affects ridge crest segmentation over time. The mechanisms controlling ridge propagation, however, are poorly understood. At the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 21.5{\textdegree}N a seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection profile surveyed the crustal structure along a segment controlled by rapid ridge propagation. Tomographic traveltime inversion of seismic data suggests that the crustal structure along the ridge axis is controlled by melt supply; thus, crust is thickest, 8 km, at the domed segment center and decreases in thickness toward both segment ends. However, thicker crust is formed in the direction of ridge propagation, suggesting that melt is preferentially transferred toward the propagating ridge tip. Further, while seismic layer 2 remains constant along axis, seismic layer 3 shows profound changes in thickness, governing variations in total crustal thickness. This feature supports mantle upwelling at the segment center. Thus, fluid basaltic melt is redistributed easily laterally, while more viscose gabbroic melt tends to crystallize and accrete nearer to the locus of melt supply. The onset of propagation seems to have coincided with the formation of thicker crust, suggesting that propagation initiation might be due to changes in the melt supply. After a rapid initiation a continuous process of propagation was established. The propagation rate seems to be controlled by the amount of magma that reaches the segment ends. The strength of upwelling may govern the evolution of ridge segments and hence ultimately controls the propagation length. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	keywords = {Crustal structure, mid-ocean ridges, ridge propagation, seismic traveltime tomography},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1029/2011GC003534},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79960696393\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Dannowski, A. and Grevemeyer, I. and Phipps Morgan, J. and Ranero, C. R. and Maia, M. and Klein, G.}
}
@article {Buffett2010,
	title = {{Stochastic heterogeneity mapping around a mediterranean salt lens}},
	journal = {Ocean Science},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {423{\textendash}429},
	abstract = {We present the first application of Stochastic Heterogeneity Mapping based on the band-limited von K{\'a}rm{\'a}n function to a seismic reflection stack of a Mediterranean water eddy (meddy), a large salt lens of Mediterranean water. This process extracts two stochastic parameters directly from the reflectivity field of the seismic data: the Hurst number, which ranges from 0 to 1, and the correlation length (scale length). Lower Hurst numbers represent a richer range of high wavenumbers and correspond to a broader range of heterogeneity in reflection events. The Hurst number estimate for the top of the meddy (0.39) compares well with recent theoretical work, which required values between 0.25 and 0.5 to model internal wave surfaces in open ocean conditions based on simulating a Garrett-Munk spectrum (GM76) slope of \&-2. The scale lengths obtained do not fit as well to seismic reflection events as those used in other studies to model internal waves. We suggest two explanations for this discrepancy: (1) due to the fact that the stochastic parameters are derived from the reflectivity field rather than the impedance field the estimated scale lengths may be underestimated, as has been reported; and (2) because the meddy seismic image is a two-dimensional slice of a complex and dynamic three-dimensional object, the derived scale lengths are biased to the direction of flow. Nonetheless, varying stochastic parameters, which correspond to different spectral slopes in the Garrett-Munk spectrum (horizontal wavenumber spectrum), can provide an estimate of different internal wave scales from seismic data alone. We hence introduce Stochastic Heterogeneity Mapping as a novel tool in physical oceanography.},
	issn = {18120784},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77950468840\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Buffett, G. G. and Hurich, C. A. and Vsemirnova, E. A. and Hobbs, R. W. and Sallar{\`e}s, V. and Carbonell, R. and Klaeschen, D. and Biescas, B.}
}
@article {Kormann2010,
	title = {{Synthetic modelling of acoustical propagation applied to seismic oceanography experiments}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {37},
	number = {6},
	year = {2010},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {Recent work shows that multichannel seismic (MCS) systems provide detailed information on the oceans{\textquoteright} finestructure. The aim of this paper is to analyze if high order numerical algorithms are suitable to accurately model the extremely weak wavefield scattered by the oceans{\textquoteright} finestructures. For this purpose, we generate synthetic shot records along a coincident seismic and oceanographic profile acquired across a Mediterranean salt lens in the Gulf of Cadiz. We apply a 2D finite-difference time-domain propagation model, together with second-order Complex Frequency Shifted Perfectly Matched Layers at the numerical boundaries, using as reference a realistic sound speed map with the lateral resolution of the seismic data. We show that our numerical propagator creates an acoustical image of the ocean finestructures including the salt lens that reproduces with outstanding detail the real acquired one. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	issn = {00948276},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GL041763},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77949835265\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Kormann, Jean and Cobo, Pedro and Biescas, Berta and Sallares, Valenti and Papenberg, Cord and Recuero, Manuel and Carbonell, Ram{\'o}n}
}
@article {DelaPuente2009,
	title = {{Dynamic rupture modeling on unstructured meshes using a discontinuous Galerkin method}},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume = {114},
	number = {B10},
	year = {2009},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {B10302},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
	abstract = {10 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	doi = {10.1029/2008JB006271},
	url = {http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/83876},
	author = {De La Puente, J. and Ampuero, J.-P. and Kaser, M.}
}
@article {Hobbs2009,
	title = {{Effect of seismic source bandwidth on reflection sections to image water structure}},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {36},
	number = {21},
	year = {2009},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {L00D08},
	abstract = {The seismic reflection profile is the convolution of the seismic acquisition impulse response and the target impedance contrasts. In the ocean, these contrasts are mainly determined by the widths and gradients of the temperature transitions between the different water masses. Hence seismic oceanography profiles are sensitive to the frequency bandwidth of the seismic acquisition system. We tested a novel seismic source that allowed us to simultaneously profile the ocean with differing impulse responses. We show that frequencies \~{}20 Hz are best to delineate large impedance contrasts that occur over a vertical scale of several tens of meters whereas frequencies \~{}80 Hz image the boundaries of layers of around 10 m. We demonstrate a towed acquisition system that can operate from a research vessel to give a bandwidth from 10 to 120 Hz that could, if required, be modified to provide frequencies up to 200 Hz. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2009GL040215},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-72049094260\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Hobbs, R. W. and Klaeschen, D. and Sallar{\`e}s, V. and Vsemirnova, E. and Papenberg, C.}
}
@article {Petersen2009,
	title = {{Fluid seepage and mound formation offshore Costa Rica revealed by deep-towed sidescan sonar and sub-bottom profiler data}},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {266},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2009},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {172{\textendash}181},
	abstract = {Our analysis of geoacoustic data from the Middle American margin provides an insight into the formation and evolution mechanisms of mound structures observed on the continental slope offshore Costa Rica. Based on high-resolution deep-towed sidescan sonar and sub-bottom profiler (SBP) data six different mound and fluid seepage structures at the Hongo mound field are characterized in detail. The Hongo mound field is located on the lower continental slope offshore Nicoya peninsula in the prolongation of the subducting Nicoya fracture zone. The mounds have oval to circular shapes with diameters of 500-1600 m and relief heights of 60-100 m. High backscatter anomalies near the mound summits indicate carbonate precipitation and focused fluid seepage activity within the last 10 ka. The data do not show evidence for mud extrusions and the structures were probably formed by a combination of carbonate precipitation and mud diapirism. Based on seismic stratigraphy analysis, mud diapirism is at least active since 42.5-57 ka and average vertical growth rates vary between 6-24 cm/ka. However, if diapirism represents the dominant mound evolution mechanism, mound heights of 80 m point to much older mound ages of 330-1330 ka. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {carbonate, deep-towed side-scan sonar, fluid seepage, mound, mud diapir, sub-bottom profiler},
	issn = {00253227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2009.08.004},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-72049084256\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Petersen, Carl J{\"o}rg and Klaucke, Ingo and Weinrebe, Wilhelm and Ranero, Cesar R.}
}
@article {Yang2009,
	title = {{Geotechnical Properties of River-fed Sediments Compared with Glacier-fed Sediments}},
	journal = {Marine Georesources \& Geotechnology},
	volume = {27},
	number = {4},
	year = {2009},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {281{\textendash}295},
	abstract = {This paper discusses the influence of sedimentary environment and geological setting on geotechnical and physical properties of resulting sedimentary deposits. For this study, two different geological settings were considered, one is a river-fed and the other is a glacier-fed sedimentary environment. For both sedimentary environments, various geotechnical properties were considered and compared. These include plasticity, activity, compressibility, undrained shear strength and sensitivity. Results indicate that physical and geotechnical properties of sediments deposited in these two settings are significantly different. These differences are then interpreted in terms of the various mechanisms involved in submarine slope failure initiation in river-fed versus glacier-fed sedimentary environments. {\textcopyright} Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
	keywords = {Activity, Compressibility, Plasticity, Sedimentary environment, Sensitivity, Shear strength, Submarine landslides},
	issn = {1064-119X},
	doi = {10.1080/10641190903025214},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70449408082\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Yang, S. L. and Solheim, A. and Forsberg, C. F. and Kvalstad, T. and Feng, X. L. and Li, A. L. and Urgeles, R.}
}
@article {Kormann2009,
	title = {{Modelling Seismic Oceanography Experiments by Using First- and Second-Order Complex Frequency Shifted Perfectly Matched Layers}},
	journal = {Acta Acustica united with Acustica},
	volume = {95},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {1104{\textendash}1111},
	abstract = {This work investigates the ability of modelling seismic oceanography experiments by using underwater acoustic propagation equations. Seismic oceanography tries to retrieve the fine structure of the ocean water masses by processing the acoustic waves reflected in the low-contrast interfaces of fronts, eddies, internal waves or thermohaline intrusions. Since the reflectivity of such interfaces is of order 10-3-10-4, the absorption capability of the numerical boundaries becomes crucial. Complex Frequency Shifted offers a better alternative to classical Perfectly Matched Layer formulation, but has not yet been extended to acoustic equations. Here, first- and second-order Complex Frequency Shifted Perfectly Matched Layers equations are proposed which can provide reflection coefficients of order 10-5. Therefore, a numerical Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) scheme combined with the proposed CFS-PML equations is able to model such experiments. {\textcopyright} S. Hirzel Verlag {\textperiodcentered} EAA.},
	issn = {16101928},
	doi = {10.3813/AAA.918242},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77149123321\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Kormann, Jean and Cobo, Pedro and Recuero, Manuel and Biescas, Berta and Sallares, Valenti}
}
@article {Pham2009,
	title = {{Observations and Modeling of Rotational Signals in the P Coda: Constraints on Crustal Scattering}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	volume = {99},
	number = {2B},
	year = {2009},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1315{\textendash}1332},
	abstract = {In addition to three classical components (vertical, north-south, and east-west) of ground translations recorded by a broadband seismometer, a component of earthquake induced rotational ground motions around the vertical axis is consistently measured by a ring laser sensor located in Wettzell, southeast Germany. Significant rotations around the vertical axis in the P coda of teleseismic signals are either directly visible or can be inferred through the investigation of cross correlation between the transverse component (the component that is perpendicular to the great circle connecting the earthquake and the seismometer) of translation acceleration and ring laser rotation rate. Theoretically, in spherically symmetric isotropic media, we should not observe rotational signals around the vertical axis before the onset of SH waves. Possible causes for the observed rotations in the P coda are: (1) tilt-ring laser coupling, (2) anisotropy, (3) topographic scattering, and (4) P-SH scattering in the crust. Here we show that P-SH scattering in the 3D random crust can explain the observations and allow us to constrain crustal scattering properties.},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120080101},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67649949683\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Pham, N. D. and Igel, H. and Wassermann, J. and Kaser, M. and De La Puente, J. and Schreiber, U.}
}
@article {Buffett2009,
	title = {{Seismic reflection along the path of the Mediterranean Undercurrent}},
	journal = {Continental Shelf Research},
	volume = {29},
	number = {15},
	year = {2009},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {1848{\textendash}1860},
	abstract = {Seismic reflection profiling is applied to the study of large scale physical oceanographic processes in the Gulf of C{\'a}diz and western Iberian coast, coinciding with the path of the Mediterranean Undercurrent. The multi-channel seismic reflection method provides clear images of thermohaline fine structure with a horizontal resolution approximately two orders of magnitude higher than CTD casting. The seismic data are compared with co-located historical oceanographic data. Three seismic reflectivity zones are identified: North Atlantic Central Water, Mediterranean Water and North Atlantic Deep Water. Seismic evidence for the path of the Mediterranean Undercurrent is found in the near-slope reflectivity patterns, with rising reflectors between about 500 and 1500 m. However, the core of the undercurrent is largely transparent. Seismic images show that central and, particularly, intermediate Mediterranean Waters have fine structure coherent over horizontal distances of several tens of kilometers. However, the intensity of the reflectors, and their horizontal coherence, decreases downstream. This change in seismic reflectivity is probably the result of diminished vertical thermohaline contrasts between adjacent water masses, so that double-diffusion processes become unable to sustain temperature and salinity staircases. Comparison of root-mean-square seismic amplitudes with temperature and salinity differences between the Mediterranean Undercurrent and the overlying central waters suggests a causal relationship between observed thermohaline fine structure and true seismic amplitudes. We estimate that, within this intermediate water stratum, impedance contrasts are mainly controlled by sound speed contrasts (a factor between 3.5 and 10 times larger than density contrasts), which are mainly controlled by temperature contrasts (a factor between 1.5 and 5 times larger than salinity contrasts). {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Amplitude, Entrainment, Mediterranean Undercurrent, Mixing, Salinity, Seismic oceanography, Temperature, thermohaline fine structure},
	issn = {02784343},
	doi = {10.1016/j.csr.2009.05.017},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-69249209739\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Buffett, G.G. and Biescas, B. and Pelegr{\'\i}, J.L. and Mach{\'\i}n, F. and Sallar{\`e}s, V. and Carbonell, R. and Klaeschen, D. and Hobbs, R.}
}
@conference {Monteys2009,
	title = {{Shallow geophysical characterization and fluid flow processes in two large pockmarks on the Malin Shelf, NW Ireland}},
	booktitle = {Near Surface 2009 - 15th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers, EAGE},
	organization = {European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers, EAGE},
	abstract = {Shallow geophysical datasets and ground-truthing have been used in this research to characterize in detail two large gas related depressions in a recently discovered pockmark field on the Malin Shelf, northwest Ireland. Pockmarks are aligned to the main deep fault of the region, the SW-NE Skerryvore Fault. High resolution multibeam bathymetry and backscatter reveal the surface morphology of these seabed features to the meter scale. They appear as subcircular depressions and present several units within a generally smooth seabed. Shallow seismic and single-beam echosounder records reveal evidence of gas related activity within the subsurface strata. Electromagnetic results present a number of anomalies in conductivity associated with inhomogenities in the upper strata. These anomalies consist in a decrease in conductivity and in general, correlate well with acoustic anomalies.},
	isbn = {9073781728},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84912149526\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Monteys, X. and Garcia, X. and Evans, R. and Szpak, M. and Kelleher, B. and Hardy, D.}
}
@article {Stupazzini2009,
	title = {{Study of Rotational Ground Motion in the Near-Field Region}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	volume = {99},
	number = {2B},
	year = {2009},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1271{\textendash}1286},
	abstract = {During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries observational seismologists recorded primarily the earthquake-induced translational wave field, while the rotational motion still remains poorly observed and investigated. We aim to further understand the rotational ground motion and its relation to the translational wave field, with a special emphasis on the near field, a few wavelengths away from the hypocenter, where damage related to rotational motion might need to be considered. A broad picture of the available values of rotational amplitudes and their variability is obtained by gathering most of the published data on strong rotational motion. To obtain a more detailed picture we perform a large scale 3D numerical study of a strike-slip event in the Grenoble valley where a combination of topographic, source, and site effects produces a realistic wave field. We analyzed the synthetic dataset in terms of the rotational and translational peak amplitudes and their dependence on two effects: nonlinear soil behavior and source directivity. On a soft soil deposit, we observe peak ground rotation of 1 mrad and the peak ground rotation rate of 10 mrad/sec, for an Mw 6.0 event. Those values show a strong dependence on the hypocenter location, the local site conditions, and the topographical features, inducing a variability of almost one order of magnitude in a range of distances of 20 km. Finally, we compare our numerical results in terms of peak ground velocity (PGV) versus peak ground rotation (PG${\o}mega$) with field data obtained at similar scenarios (e.g., Parkfield) by array techniques to investigate the relation between translational and rotational amplitudes expected in the near field for shallow, medium-sized earthquakes. Results of our numerical simulation fit reasonably well with those observed in past studies. Furthermore, the spatial variations of the PGV/PG${\o}mega$ ratio show a trend, which is correlated with the velocity structure of the model under study.},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120080153},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67649962349\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Stupazzini, M. and De La Puente, J. and Smerzini, C. and Kaser, M. and Igel, H. and Castellani, A.}
}
@article {DelaPuente2008,
	title = {{Discontinuous Galerkin methods for wave propagation in poroelastic media}},
	journal = {GEOPHYSICS},
	volume = {73},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {T77{\textendash}T97},
	abstract = {We have developed a new numerical method to solve the heterogeneous poroelastic wave equations in bounded three-dimensional domains. This method is a discontinuous Galerkin method that achieves arbitrary high-order accuracy on unstructured tetrahedral meshes for the low-frequency range and the inviscid case. By using Biot{\textquoteright}s equations and Darcy{\textquoteright}s dynamic laws, we have built a scheme that can successfully model wave propagation in fluid-saturated porous media when anisotropy of the pore structure is allowed. Zero-inflow fluxes are used as absorbing boundary conditions. A continuous arbitrary high-order derivatives time integration is used for the high-frequency inviscid case, whereas a space-time discontinuous scheme is applied for the low-frequency case. We conducted a numerical convergence test of the proposed methods. We used a series of examples to quantify the quality of our numerical results, comparing them to analytic solutions as well as numerical solutions obtained by other methodologies. In particular, a large scale 3D reservoir model showed the method{\textquoteright}s suitability to solve poroelastic wave-propagation problems for complex geometries using unstructured tetrahedral meshes. The resulting method is proved to be high-order accurate in space and time, stable for the low-frequency case, and asymptotically consistent with the diffusion limit. {\textcopyright} 2008 Society of Exploration Geophysicists. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {0016-8033},
	doi = {10.1190/1.2965027},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-53849111940\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {de la Puente, Josep and Dumbser, Michael and K{\"a}ser, Martin and Igel, Heiner}
}
@article {Sahling2008,
	title = {{Fluid seepage at the continental margin offshore Costa Rica and southern Nicaragua}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	number = {5},
	year = {2008},
	month = {may},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {A systematic search for methane-rich fluid seeps at the seafloor was conducted at the Pacific continental margin offshore southern Nicaragua and northern central Costa Rica, a convergent margin characterized by subduction erosion. More than 100 fluid seeps were discovered using a combination of multibeam bathymetry, side-scan sonar imagery, TV-sled observations, and sampling. This corresponds, on average, to a seep site every 4 km along the continental slope. In the northwestern part of the study area, subduction of oceanic crust formed at the East Pacific Rise is characterized by pervasive bending-induced faulting of the oceanic plate and a relatively uniform morphology of the overriding continental margin. Seepage at this part of the margin typically occurs at approximately cone-shaped mounds 50 - 100 m high and up to 1 km wide at the base. Over 60 such mounds were identified on the 240 km long margin segment. Some normal faults also host localized seepage. In contrast, in the southeast, the 220 km long margin segment overriding the oceanic crust formed at the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Centre has a comparatively more irregular morphology caused mainly by the subduction of ridges and seamounts sitting on the oceanic plate. Over 40 seeps were located on this part of the margin. This margin segment with irregular morphology exhibits diverse seep structures. Seeps are related to landslide scars, seamountsubduction related fractures, mounds, and faults. Several backscatter anomalies in side-scan images are without apparent relief and are probably related to carbonate precipitation. Detected fluid seeps are not evenly distributed across the margin but occur in a roughly margin parallel band centered 28 {\textpm} 7 km landward of the trench. This distribution suggests that seeps are possibly fed to fluids rising from the plate boundary along deep-penetrating faults through the upper plate. Copyrignt 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	keywords = {Authigenic carbonate, Chemosynthetic community, Subduction erosion},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1029/2008GC001978},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70350099584\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Sahling, Heiko and Masson, Douglas G. and Ranero, Cesar R. and H{\"u}hnerbach, Veit and Weinrebe, Wilhelm and Klaucke, Ingo and B{\"u}rk, Dietmar and Br{\"u}ckmann, Warner and Suess, Erwin}
}
@article {Goldfinger2008,
	title = {{Late Holocene Rupture of the Northern San Andreas Fault and Possible Stress Linkage to the Cascadia Subduction Zone}},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
	volume = {98},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {861{\textendash}889},
	abstract = {We relate the late Holocene northern San Adreas fault (NSAF) paleoseismic history developed using marine sediment cores along the northern California continental margin to a similar dataset of cores collected along the Cascadia margin, including channels from Barclay Canyon off Vancouver Island to just north of Monterey Bay. Stratigraphic correlation and evidence of synchronous triggering imply earthquake origin, and both temporal records are compatible with onshore paleoseismic data. In order to make comparisons between the temporal earthquake records from the NSAF and Cascadia, we refine correlations of southern Cascadia great earthquakes, including the land paleoseismic record. Along the NSAF during the last \~{}2800 yr, 15 turbidites, including one likely from the great 1906 earthquake, establish an average repeat time of \~{}200 yr, similar to the onshore value of \~{}240 yr. The combined land and marine paleoseismic record from the southern Cascadia subduction zone includes a similar number of events during the same period. While the average recurrence interval for full-margin Cascadia events is \~{}520 yr, the southern Cascadia margin has a repeat time of \~{}220 yr, similar to that of the NSAF. Thirteen of the 15 NSAF events were preceded by Cascadia events by \~{}0-80 yr, averaging 25-45 yr (as compared to \~{}80-400 yr by which Cascadia events follow the NSAF). Based on the temporal association, we model the coseismic and cumulative postseismic deformation from great Cascadia megathrust events and compute related stress changes along the NSAF in order to test the possibility that Cascadia earthquakes triggered the penultimate, and perhaps other, NSAF events. The Coulomb failure stress (CFS) resulting from viscous deformation related to a Cascadia earthquake over \~{}60 yr does not contribute significantly to the total CFS on the NSAF. However, the coseismic deformation increases CFS on the northern San Andreas fault (NSAF) by up to about 9 bars offshore of Point Delgada, most likely enough to trigger that fault to fail in north-to-south propagating ruptures.},
	issn = {0037-1106},
	doi = {10.1785/0120060411},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-42649087275\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Goldfinger, C. and Grijalva, K. and Burgmann, R. and Morey, A. E. and Johnson, J. E. and Nelson, C. H. and Gutierrez-Pastor, J. and Ericsson, A. and Karabanov, E. and Chaytor, J. D. and Patton, J. and Gr{\`a}cia, E.}
}
@article {Klaucke2008,
	title = {{Multifrequency geoacoustic imaging of fluid escape structures offshore Costa Rica: Implications for the quantification of seep processes}},
	journal = {Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems},
	volume = {9},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a},
	abstract = {Quantification of fluid fluxes from cold seeps depends on accurate estimates of the spatial validity of flux measurements. These estimates are strongly influenced by the choice of geoacoustic mapping tools. Multibeam bathymetry, side-scan sonar, and Chirp subbottom profiler data of several mound-shaped cold seeps offshore central Costa Rica show great variety in morphology and structure although the features are only a few kilometers apart. Mound 11 (a 35 m high and 1000 m in diameter structure), situated in the SE of the study area, has an irregular morphology but a smooth surface on side-scan sonar data, while mound 12 (30 m high, 600 m across) is a cone of more regular outline but with a rough surface, and mound Grillo (5 m high, 500 m across) shows the same rough surface as mound 12 but without relief. Video observations and sediment cores indicate that the structures are formed by the precipitation of authigenic carbonates and indications for extensive mud extrusion are absent, except for one possible mudflow at mound 11. Different sonar frequencies result in variable estimates of the extent of these mounds with low frequencies suggesting much wider cold seeps, consequently overestimating fluid fluxes. The absence of mud volcanism compared to accretionary prisms where mud volcanism occurs is related to different tectonic styles: strong sediment overpressure and thrust faulting in typical accretionary prisms can generate mud volcanism, while subduction erosion and normal faulting (extension) of the overriding plate at the Costa Rican margin result in fluid venting driven by only slight fluid overpressures. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.},
	keywords = {Cold seeps, Costa Rica, Side-scan sonar},
	issn = {15252027},
	doi = {10.1029/2007GC001708},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-71749104881\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Klaucke, Ingo and Masson, Douglas G. and Petersen, C. J{\"o}rg and Weinrebe, Wilhelm and Ranero, Cesar R.}
}
@article {Kaser2008,
	title = {{Quantitative accuracy analysis of the discontinuous Galerkin method for seismic wave propagation}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {173},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {990{\textendash}999},
	abstract = {We present a quantitative accuracy analysis of the Discontinuous Galerkin Finite-Element method for the simulation of seismic wave propagation on tetrahedral meshes. Several parameters are responsible for the accuracy of results, such as the chosen approximation order, the spatial discretization, that is, number of elements per wavelength, and the propagation distance of the waves due to numerical dispersion and dissipation. As error norm we choose the time-frequency representation of the envelope and phase misfit of seismograms to assess the accuracy of the resulting seismograms since this provides the time evolution of the spectral content and allows for the clear separation of amplitude and phase errors obtained by the numerical method. Our results can be directly used to set up the necessary modelling parameters for practical applications, such as the minimum approximation order for a given mesh spacing to reach a desired accuracy. Finally, we apply our results to the well-acknowledged LOH.1 and LOH.3 problems of the SPICE Code Validation project, including heterogeneous material and the free surface boundary condition, and compare our solutions with those of other methods. In general, we want to stress the increasing importance of certain standard procedures to facilitate future code validations and comparisons of results in the community of numerical seismology. {\textcopyright} 2008 The Authors Journal compilation {\textcopyright} 2008 RAS.},
	keywords = {Computational seismology, Numerical approximations and analysis, Numerical solutions, Time series analysis, Wave propagation, Wavelet transform},
	issn = {0956540X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03781.x},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-43749087643\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {K{\"a}ser, Martin and Hermann, Verena and de la Puente, Josep}
}
@article {Kaser2007,
	title = {{An arbitrary high-order Discontinuous Galerkin method for elastic waves on unstructured meshes - III. Viscoelastic attenuation}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {168},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {224{\textendash}242},
	abstract = {We present a new numerical method to solve the heterogeneous anelastic, seismic wave equations with arbitrary high order accuracy in space and time on 3-D unstructured tetrahedral meshes. Using the velocity-stress formulation provides a linear hyperbolic system of equations with source terms that is completed by additional equations for the anelastic functions including the strain history of the material. These additional equations result from the rheological model of the generalized Maxwell body and permit the incorporation of realistic attenuation properties of viscoelastic material accounting for the behaviour of elastic solids and viscous fluids. The proposed method combines the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element (FE) method with the ADER approach using Arbitrary high order DERivatives for flux calculations. The DG approach, in contrast to classical FE methods, uses a piecewise polynomial approximation of the numerical solution which allows for discontinuities at element interfaces. Therefore, the well-established theory of numerical fluxes across element interfaces obtained by the solution of Riemann problems can be applied as in the finite volume framework. The main idea of the ADER time integration approach is a Taylor expansion in time in which all time derivatives are replaced by space derivatives using the so-called Cauchy-Kovalewski procedure which makes extensive use of the governing PDE. Due to the ADER time integration technique the same approximation order in space and time is achieved automatically and the method is a one-step scheme advancing the solution for one time step without intermediate stages. To this end, we introduce a new unrolled recursive algorithm for efficiently computing the Cauchy-Kovalewski procedure by making use of the sparsity of the system matrices. The numerical convergence analysis demonstrates that the new schemes provide very high order accuracy even on unstructured tetrahedral meshes while computational cost and storage space for a desired accuracy can be reduced when applying higher degree approximation polynomials. In addition, we investigate the increase in computing time, when the number of relaxation mechanisms due to the generalized Maxwell body are increased. An application to a well-acknowledged test case and comparisons with analytic and reference solutions, obtained by different well-established numerical methods, confirm the performance of the proposed method. Therefore, the development of the highly accurate ADER-DG approach for tetrahedral meshes including viscoelastic material provides a novel, flexible and efficient numerical technique to approach 3-D wave propagation problems including realistic attenuation and complex geometry. {\textcopyright} 2006 The Authors Journal compilation {\textcopyright} 2006 RAS.},
	keywords = {Attenuation, Discontinuous Galerkin, High order accuracy, Relaxation, Unstructured meshes, Viscoelasticity},
	issn = {0956540X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03193.x},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33845968162\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {K{\"a}ser, Martin and Dumbser, Michael and de la Puente, Josep and Igel, Heiner}
}
@article {DelaPuente2007,
	title = {{An arbitrary high-order discontinuous Galerkin method for elastic waves on unstructured meshes - IV. Anisotropy}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {169},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1210{\textendash}1228},
	abstract = {We present a new numerical method to solve the heterogeneous elastic anisotropic wave equation with arbitrary high-order accuracy in space and time on unstructured tetrahedral meshes. Using the most general Hooke{\textquoteright}s tensor we derive the velocity-stress formulation leading to a linear hyperbolic system which accounts for the variation of the material properties depending on direction. This approach allows for the accurate modelling even of the most general crystalline symmetry class, the triclinic anisotropy, as no interpolation of material properties to particular mesh vertices is necessary. The proposed method combines the Discontinuous Galerkin method with the arbitrary high-order derivatives (ADER) time integration approach using arbitrary high-order derivatives of the piecewise polynomial representation of the unknown solution. The discontinuities of this piecewise polynomial approximation at element interfaces permit the application of the well-established theory of finite volumes and numerical fluxes across element interfaces obtained by the solution of derivative Riemann problems. Due to the novel ADER time integration technique the scheme provides the same approximation order in space and time automatically. A numerical convergence study confirms that the new scheme achieves the desired arbitrary high-order accuracy even for anisotropic material on unstructured tetrahedral meshes. Furthermore, it shows that higher accuracy can be reached with higher-order schemes while reducing computational cost and storage space. To this end, we also present a new Godunov-type numerical flux for anisotropic material and compare its accuracy with a computationally simpler Rusanov flux. As a further extension, we include the coupling of anisotropy and viscoelastic attenuation based on the Generalized Maxwell Body rheology and the mean and deviatoric stress concepts. Finally, we validate the new scheme by comparing the results of our simulations to an analytic solution as well as to spectral element computations. {\textcopyright} 2007 The Authors Journal compilation {\textcopyright} 2007 RAS.},
	keywords = {ADER approach, Anisotropy, Discontinuous Galerkin method, High-order accuracy in space and time, Unstructured tetrahedral meshes},
	issn = {0956540X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03381.x},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34250166175\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {de la Puente, Josep and K{\"a}ser, Martin and Dumbser, Michael and Igel, Heiner}
}
@article {Dumbser2007,
	title = {{Arbitrary high-order finite volume schemes for seismic wave propagation on unstructured meshes in 2D and 3D}},
	journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
	volume = {171},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {665{\textendash}694},
	abstract = {We present a new numerical method to solve the heterogeneous anelastic seismic wave equations with arbitrary high order of accuracy in space and time on unstructured triangular and tetrahedral meshes in two and three space dimensions, respectively. Using the velocity-stress formulation provides a linear hyperbolic system of equations with source terms that is completed by additional equations for the anelastic functions including the strain history of the material. These additional equations result from the rheological model of the generalized Maxwell body and permit the incorporation of realistic attenuation properties of viscoelastic material accounting for the behaviour of elastic solids and viscous fluids. The proposed method relies on the finite volume (FV) approach where cell-averaged quantities are evolved in time by computing numerical fluxes at the element interfaces. The basic ingredient of the numerical flux function is the solution of Generalized Riemann Problems at the element interfaces according to the arbitrary high-order derivatives (ADER) approach of Toro et al., where the initial data is piecewise polynomial instead of piecewise constant as it was in the original first-order FV scheme developed by Godunov. The ADER approach automatically produces a scheme of uniformly high order of accuracy in space and time. The high-order polynomials in space, needed as input for the numerical flux function, are obtained using a reconstruction operator acting on the cell averages. This reconstruction operator uses some techniques originally developed in the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) Finite Element framework, namely hierarchical orthogonal basis functions in a reference element. In particular, in this article we pay special attention to underline the differences as well as the points in common with the ADER-DG schemes previously developed by the authors, especially concerning the MPI parallelization of both methods. The numerical convergence analysis demonstrates that the proposed FV schemes provide very high order of accuracy even on unstructured tetrahedral meshes while computational cost for a desired accuracy can be reduced when applying higher order reconstructions. Applications to a series of well-acknowledged elastic and anelastic test cases and comparisons with analytic and numerical reference solutions, obtained by different well-established numerical methods, confirm the performance of the proposed method. Therefore, the development of the highly accurate ADER-FV approach for tetrahedral meshes including viscoelastic material provides a novel, flexible and efficient numerical technique to approach 3-D wave propagation problems including realistic attenuation and complex geometry. {\textcopyright} 2007 The Authors Journal compilation {\textcopyright} 2007 RAS.},
	keywords = {ADER approach, Attenuation, Finite volume schemes, High-order accuracy, Tetrahedral meshes, Viscoelasticity},
	issn = {0956540X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03421.x},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35348851376\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Dumbser, Michael and K{\"a}ser, Martin and de la Puente, Josep}
}
@booklet {McIntosh2007,
	title = {{The Nicaragua Convergent Margin: Seismic Reflection Imaging of the Source of a Tsunami Earthquake}},
	journal = {The seismogenic zone of subduction thrust faults},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {257{\textendash}287},
	publisher = {University of British Columbia Press},
	abstract = {Peer Reviewed},
	isbn = {isbn: 978-0-231-13866-6},
	url = {http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/108405},
	author = {McIntosh, Kirk D and Silver, Eli a and Ahmed, Imtiaz and Berhorst, Arnim and Ranero, C{\'e}sar R and Kelly, Robyn K and Flueh, Ernst R}
}
@article {Grevemeyer2007,
	title = {{Passive and active seismological study of bending-related faulting and mantle serpentinization at the Middle America trench}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {258},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2007},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {528{\textendash}542},
	abstract = {Water transported within the subducting oceanic lithosphere into the Earth{\textquoteright}s interior affects a wealth of subduction zone processes, including intraslab earthquakes and arc magmatism. In recent years growing evidence suggests that much of the hydration of oceanic plates occurs at the trench-ocean slope right before subduction. Here, normal faults are created while the rigid lithosphere bends into the trench. Offshore of Middle America, multi-channel seismic reflection imaging suggests that bending-related faults cut into the uppermost mantle, providing a mechanism for hydration and transformation of mantle peridotites into serpentinites. Seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction data were collected coincident with one of the seismic profiles where the faults have been imaged. Travel time inversion provides evidence that both crustal and uppermost mantle velocities are reduced with respect to the velocity structure found in mature oceanic crust away from deep-sea trenches. If mantle velocity reduction is solely produced by hydration, velocities indicate 10-15\% of serpentinization in the uppermost 3~km of the mantle, where seismic data provide enough resolution. A small network of ocean bottom hydrophones, deployed for about a month, detected \~{} 3 local micro earthquakes per day. Earthquake epicentres align with fault scarps at the seafloor and continuous earthquake activity might be an important process to facilitate the percolation of seawater into the upper mantle. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {bending-related normal faulting, earthquakes, global water cycle, seismic refraction, serpentinization, subduction},
	issn = {0012821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.013},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249911517\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Grevemeyer, Ingo and Ranero, Cesar R. and Flueh, Ernst R. and Kl{\"a}schen, Dirk and Bialas, J{\"o}rg}
}
@article {Goldfinger2007,
	title = {{Rupture lengths and temporal history of significant earthquakes on the offshore and north coast segments of the Northern San Andreas Fault based on turbidite stratigraphy}},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {254},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {9{\textendash}27},
	abstract = {74 piston, gravity and jumbo Kasten cores were collected from channel and canyon systems draining the northern California continental margin to investigate the record of periodic Holocene turbidites for possible connection to large magnitude earthquakes on the adjacent Northern San Andreas Fault. Poorly known channel systems were mapped with multibeam sonar to define pathways and channel confluences. Cores sampled all major and many minor channel systems extending from Cape Mendocino to just north of Monterey Bay. Sampling both along and across channels was done and particular attention was paid to channel confluences, as these areas afford opportunities to test for synchronous triggering of turbidity currents. While at sea, all cores were scanned using a GEOTEK multisensor core logger (MSCL), which collects high-resolution photography, P-wave velocity, gamma-ray density, and magnetic susceptibility data from the unsplit cores. Lithology was logged visually, and cores were later imaged with X-radiography. We use 14C ages, relative dating tests at channel confluences, and stratigraphic correlation using physical properties to determine whether turbidites deposited in separate channel systems are correlative, implying they were triggered by a common event. These tests can, in most cases, separate earthquake-triggered turbidity currents from other possible sources. The late Holocene turbidite record off northern California passes these tests for synchronous triggering, and can be correlated with multiple proxies from site to site between Noyo Channel and the latitude of San Francisco. Preliminary comparisons of our event ages with existing and in progress work at onshore coastal sites show good correlation, further circumstantial evidence that the offshore record is primarily earthquake generated. During the last \~{} 2800~yr, 15 turbidites are recognized, including the great 1906 earthquake. Their chronology establishes an average repeat time of \~{} 200~yr, similar to the onshore value of \~{} 230~yr. Along-strike correlation suggests that at least 8 of the youngest 10 of these events ruptured the 320~km distance from the Mendocino Triple Junction to near San Francisco. {\textcopyright} 2006.},
	keywords = {Northern San Andreas Fault, Paleoseismology, Turbidite},
	issn = {0012821X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.017},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846271439\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Goldfinger, Chris and Morey, Ann E. and Nelson, C. Hans and Guti{\'e}rrez-Pastor, Julia and Johnson, Joel E. and Karabanov, Eugene and Chaytor, Jason and Eriksson, Andrew}
}
@conference {Urgeles2007,
	title = {{Scientific Ocean Drilling Behind the Assessment of Geo-hazards from Submarine Slides}},
	booktitle = {Eos},
	volume = {88},
	number = {17},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {192},
	issn = {00963941},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249827905\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1},
	author = {Urgeles, Roger and Camerlenghi, Angelo and Ercilla, Gemma and Anselmetti, Flavio and Br{\"u}ckmann, Warner and Canals, Miquel and Gr{\'a}cia, Eul{\`a}lia and Locat, Jacques and Krastel, Sebastian and Solheim, Anders}
}
